Enfermería

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Abordaje de enfermería en cuidados paliativos a personas con cáncer terminal. Revisión de literatura periodo 2018-2022
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2023) Montenegro Pulido, Valentina; Rodríguez Arteaga, Claudia Lorena; Varela García, Diana Patricia; Quiroga Vásquez, Claudia Patricia (Directora)
To synthesize the palliative care nursing approach to people with terminal cancer. Literature review period 2018-2022. Background: Cancer is a major public health problem in the world. In 2040 16.3 million people will be living with cancer. Cancer symptoms and treatment negatively affect quality of life through physical discomfort, mental stress, and economic pressure. In 1990 the World Health Organization introduced the palliative care initiative, which represents medical care focused on improving the quality of life of patients with an interdisciplinary approach (1) . Methodology: A literature review corresponding to the year 2018-2022 was performed using prism methodology. in the databases: Dialnet Plus, Scopus, Springer Nature, Ministerio de Salud, Biblioteca Virtual en Salud, BioMed, Biblioteca Universidad del Bosque, Taylor & Francis, Scielo, Science Direct, Journals, PubMed; 30 articles related to the research objective were found and were part of the results
Abuso sexual en menores de edad en Europa y Latinoamérica. Revisión 2012-2018
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Domínguez Muñoz, Fabián Arley; Mina Abonía, Cristian Darwin; Saavedra Galarza, Mireya; Meneses Urrea, Luz Adriana (Directora)
El abuso sexual en menores de edad es uno de los tipos de maltrato infantil con peores repercusiones en sus víctimas y que usualmente coexiste con otros tipos de violencia. Incluye tanto agravios que no involucran contacto físico como aquellos que sí lo hacen, lo que cubre una amplia gama de posibilidades. El abuso sexual en menores de edad es frecuente y se ha convertido en un problema de salud pública. Las víctimas suelen ser mujeres a pesar de que existen ciertos factores de riesgo que predisponen a ciertos niños a ser agredidos, y sus abusadores por lo general son personas cercanas a ellos. Las consecuencias físicas, psicológicas y emocionales tanto a corto como largo plazo abarcan todos los aspectos del ser humano y la magnitud de su gravedad dependerá de diversos factores.
Acompañamiento a mujeres con cáncer de mama en su etapa inicial
(2023) Vélez Vargas, Sandra Milena; Carvajal Vargas, Lina Vanessa; Meza Gilon, Yeison David; Bambague, Goldy (Directora)
Breast cancer is a disease with a wide prevalence in women, it has gained visibility in all areas in order to promote early detection and achieve fewer sequelae in those who suffer from it. Its diagnosis is accompanied by physical and emotional symptoms, as well as psychosocial repercussions that begin during the different stages of transition through treatment and outcome. Objective: To determine how psychosocial and family support influences during treatment for women with cancer in its initial stage. Methodology: systematic review of articles published between 2017 and 2022, emphasizing studies that have documented the monitoring of women with breast cancer in its initial stage. Results: 12 articles are identified that document different psychosocial and family support strategies, which focus on providing psychological support to face fears and insecurities regarding the development of the disease. The different stages of breast cancer from its initial stage generate fear and uncertainty in the patient, which requires psychosocial support from the family as well as health professionals and thus respond to psychological and physical needs. Conclusion: Psychosocial and family support improves mood, reduces depression, and facilitates the willingness to participate and comply with treatment. Women diagnosed with breast cancer who perceive social support have a positive effect on their attitude towards the treatment and prognosis of the disease; This is considered a key element to better face the cancer diagnosis.
Adherencia del cuidado de enfermería en la prevención de infecciones asociadas a dispositivos médicos (catéter urinario y catéter venoso central)
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Balanta García, Natalia; Valencia Guerrero, Dayana; Martínez Potes, Juan Carlos; Alegría López, Margareth (Directora)
Introduction: Introduction: The use of medical devices such as urinary and central venous catheters is essential in the care of hospitalized patients. However, their improper use can lead to serious infections that affect the quality of care. This study aims to identify nursing staff adherence to protocols designed to prevent infections associated with these devices. Methodology: A systematic literature search was conducted in databases including ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Scopus, using DeCS/MeSH terms related to adherence, catheters, and nursing care. Twenty articles were selected that met the inclusion criteria: studies on adult populations and published within the last 5 years.
Adherencia en la toma de citología vaginal en estudiantes del programa de enfermería de la universidad Santiago de Cali en el periodo 2019
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2020) Betancourt Aristizabal, María Verónica; Vargas Yule, Carlos Alveiro; Ramírez Rodríguez, Daniela; Bambague, Goldy (Directora)
Cervical cancer screening programs represent an action cost effective, which contributes to that women can access timely treatment, since in its initial stages it is easily treatable. The objective of this research is to determine adherence in taking vaginal cytology in students of the nursing program of UNIVERSIDAD SANTIAGO DE CALI in the period 2019. The methodology is a quantitative study with a descriptive cross-sectional design of a non-experimental type, applying as a tool a survey validated and accepted in other studies, for the calculation of the sample the formula for finite populations was used, resulting in 253 women as a sample, with a non-probability sampling, since not all the population could participate, since Minors and women who had not started sexual life were excluded. In the results, it was found that the level of adherence is very worrisome since only 49.8% of the respondents have adherence to taking vaginal cytology, despite the fact that nursing students receive training aimed at promoting health and preventing disease. The low adherence to taking vaginal cytology results in finding a high percentage of women who come late to the services of timely detection of cervical cancer, therefore creating health strategies that promote self-care practices. and social responsibility within the competence of our nursing career is a practice that can generate a positive impact on this population.
Afectación de la salud mental en las mujeres que han presentado aborto espontáneo y cuidados de enfermería
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Castro Torres, Edna Daliza; Clavijo Narváez, Leydi Vanessa; Cortes Cabezas, Mishell Dayana; Potes Morales, Lina Yurani (Directora)
Mental health is a continuous process where human beings experience different emotions, behaviors and attitudes, which can generate changes at the level of their functioning and their personal relationships, that is, mental health supports individual and collective capacities to make decisions. Decisions, establish relationships and shape the world in which we live. At the same time, its care becomes a great challenge for professionals and health systems worldwide. Abortion is a devastating event for the woman and her family in the mental area. According to WHO data, the development of emotional disorders such as depression with a prevalence of 21.7% and anxiety, with 19.8%, is common in women who have had abortions. Method: Search for literature related to the mental health effects of women with spontaneous abortion and nursing care in indexed databases.
Afectación en la salud mental en las mujeres y sus familias que han presentado aborto en latinoamérica, revisión integrativa 2017-2024
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Robles Ojeda, Katherin Julieth; Aguilar Gutiérrez, Ana María; García Luna, Gisel Daniela; Serrano Ramos, Lina Marcela (Directora)
The termination of pregnancy, whether spontaneous or induced, constitutes a complex experience with profound 3 physical, emotional, and social implications for the woman and her family. Beyond the medical dimension, this event can trigger psychological reactions that affect mental health, including anxiety, sadness, feelings of guilt, and sleep disturbances. The way each woman copes with this process is influenced by individual, cultural, and contextual factors, as well as the type of support she receives. This paper presents an integrative review of the literature published between 2017 and 2024, focusing on analyzing the factors associated with the psychological impact on women and their families after an abortion. Academic databases such as PubMed, SciELO, and Google Scholar were used, using descriptors in Spanish, English, and Portuguese. Twenty-seven articles were initially selected, of which five were not retrieved. A total of 22 were evaluated for eligibility. Eight were excluded based on their title and abstract, and four due to duplication. The final selection was 10 articles. The findings reveal that nursing support, based on a culturally sensitive and humane understanding, is essential to mitigating the emotional impact of abortion. This review seeks to contribute to raising awareness of the psychosocial needs of women in pregnancy termination settings and to highlight the role of nursing in providing comprehensive and empathetic care during this process.
Alteración en la salud mental de estudiantes universitarios del área de la salud
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Cundar Arteaga, Dayana Isabel; Noguera Angulo, Cristhian Alberto; García Molano, Santiago; Díaz Chavarro, Blanca Cecilia (Directora)
The objective of this study is to determine the mental health alterations in university students of the faculty of health according to the literature published between 2018 - 2023. The methodology used to achieve to answer the objective was the following: Search of articles in various databases, a critical reading of the articles based on the Caspe scale, Filling out the PRISMA flowchart and the creation of a database in Excel. The results offer an in-depth analysis of the literature in the field of study, highlighting the variety of research methods, the geographical location of the studies and the interest in the topic. As discussion, the following topics were handled: Most frequent alterations in students' mental health, Physiological and psychological consequences related to continuous intellectual exposure, Academic aspects that influence mental health and Coping strategies. To conclude, this qualitative systematic review will contribute to a better understanding of mental health disturbances in undergraduate health faculty students, their consequences and the coping strategies used, these could serve as a basis for the development of interventions and policies that promote mental health in the university setting as it is crucial to address the mental health of students to enhance their quality of life, academic performance and ability to cope with upcoming challenges. Educational institutions should prioritize this aspect and develop a holistic approach to support students in the area of health.
Anosmia en el contexto de la infección por Covid-19, una revisión bibliográfica
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2021) Arroyo Guerrero, Eidyn Bolena ; Balanta Guevara, Ludwing Efrén; Castrillón Diaz, Sindy Dayan; Ortega Arce, Dina Carmenza (Directora)
Introduction: Studies carried out since the beginning of the pandemic have established that one of the initial symptoms of the disease is related to alterations of smell "anosmia". Reports of cases of contagion globally state that some individuals manifested anosmia suddenly, isolated and without nasal congestion, and those later days were positive cases for COVID-19, this being the clearest symptom currently taken into account to detect the virus immediately. Objectives: To carry out a bibliographic review of the relationship of SARS-CoV-2 infection and anosmia as an initial and determining symptom for its diagnosis. Materials and methods: Through a bibliographic review of articles published during 2021-2021, the Science Direct, PubMed, Google Scholar, Central Biomed database used DeCS/MeSH keywords in Spanish and English, managing to find an average of 145 articles of which only 24 met the inclusion criteria, under the methodology proposed by Ganong. Results: The articles found in the databases were 145, of which 115 were excluded, the selected articles were 23, Science Direct (9), PubMed (7), Google Scholar (5) Scopus (2), which were characterized by bibliographic reviews, prospective, cross-sectional, case-control studies, experimental and retrospective observational analysis, from India, the United States, France, Spain Conclusion: Taking into account the selection of the articles, Anosmia was evidenced as an initial and predictive symptom in the diagnosis of COVID-19 being in turn an indicator of good prognosis, because the majority of patients who presented anosmia are those who had the lowest proportion of serious complications, as well as greater prevalence was identified in women and patients with some type of comor.
Ansiedad en estudiantes de primer semestre del programa de enfermería en una universidad de Cali
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Viveros Perlaza, Manuela Victoria; Gangotena Morales, Leidy Daniela; Bambague, Goldy
Introduction: Anxiety has been considered an adaptive mechanism, the result of defensive behaviors in the face of any circumstance that presents a threat to the integrity of the person from all aspects of vital functioning. Likewise, anxiety can be beneficial for the individual, that is, it can allow a greater state of alertness and drive them to actions that under other circumstances they would not take. Anxiety is considered pathological when its intensity is so high that it negatively interferes with both educational and social performance and functioning. Objective: Determine the prevalence of anxiety in first semester students of the Nursing Program at a private University. Method: Quantitative research with a descriptive approach and cross-sectional design. The population was 93 students from the Nursing program of the Santiago de Cali University. A semi-structured survey was conducted that included sociodemographic variables and the State-Trait Anxiety (STAI) questionnaire. Results: The results of the STAI survey reveal a wide range of emotional states among firstsemester nursing students. These findings highlight the importance of addressing emotional concerns and providing appropriate support to promote students' mental and emotional wellbeing during their college experience. Conclusions: It is important to highlight the relevance of addressing this issue in the academic and mental health context of students. The results obtained reflect a complex interaction between academic stress and anxiety experienced by students, which highlights the need to implement effective support and stress management strategies to promote emotional well-being in the academic environment.
Aplicabilidad y efectividad de la terapia floral de Bach y aromaterapia en el cuidado holístico de las personas: Una revisión bibliográfica
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Bonilla Possú, Sandra Fernanda; Valencia Micolta, Susana (Directora)
Introducción: Salud es un estado de completo bienestar físico, mental y social, y no solamente la ausencia de afecciones o enfermedades; es por esta razón que los profesionales del área de la salud incluyendo enfermería como parte del cuidado, aplican métodos alternativos y complementarios soportadas en investigaciones útiles para el tratamiento y curación de las personas, que contribuyan en su mejoramiento físico, mental, emocional y espiritual. Metodología: En la presente monografía se tiene en cuenta 25 artículos científicos publicados entre el 2007 y 2018 que referentes a la Terapia Floral de Bach y aromaterapia aplicada en los pacientes. La información se obtiene en bases de datos: Scielo, Redalyc, Medline, Published line, Medisan, Medigraphic, Mediciego, PudMed, Hindawi y NCBI; Con el propósito de conocer la aplicabilidad y efectividad de dichas terapias. Resultados: Se evidencio que la aplicación de la terapia floral de Bach y aromaterapia resultan ser efectivas como métodos alternativos y complementarios para restablecer la salud de las personas que padecen enfermedades físicas y emocionales. Discusión: Las esencias florales de Bach más utilizadas en los artículos científicos revisados fueron Agrimony, Cherry Plum, Rescue Remedy, Chicory, Crab Apple, Star de Bethlehem, Walnut e Impatients que fueron efectivos para el tratamiento de enfermedades emocionales y físicas. En aromaterapia el aceite esencial para más usado fue la lavanda, seguido por el Ylan-Ylan, la Rosa Damascena, y el Palo de Rosa los cuales fueron efectivos para restablecer la salud de las personas.
Articulación de las teorías de nivel intermedio al rol administrativo-gerencial del cuidado en enfermería
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2023) Mora Botina, Karen Dayanna; Rodríguez Pantoja, Deisy Daniela; Jiménez Banguera, Yessica Tatiana; Zambrano Bermeo, Rosa Nury (Directora); Gaitán Gómez, Olga Lucia (Directora)
Introduction: The care provided by the nursing professional must guarantee wellbeing and safety, preserving health. To achieve this purpose, you must strengthen your attitudes and values allowing humanization in your daily work, being reflective, critical, committed, supportive, and respectful. Objectives: Articulate intermediate level theories to the administrative-managerial role of nursing care. Methods: Narrative review of intermediate level theories according to the classification proposed by Martha Raile. Clinical question PICO P (population) chapters that describe the intermediate level theories applicable to the administrative-managerial role of nursing care; I (interest) through the theoreticalempirical conceptual structure link the theories of intermediate level to the administrative-managerial role; C (control) chapters that describe intermediate level theories that are not applicable to the administrative-managerial role, O (results) propose a new way of using the theoretical-empirical conceptual structure to support professional roles from epistemology in nursing. Results: The theories have demarcated the way in which nursing has been evolving, from the different perspectives and approaches that have been given, they have been nurturing professional training, providing a significant contribution to nursing work. It is then that from the different contributions the theories are building and strengthening the practice in the face of quality care, service and management. Conclusions: Theoretical interaction is the center of the nursing process. This relationship is characterized by being a communication of a theoretical and practical nature. Professional attitudes, information, management are the central elements of care.
Aspectos personales, de la pareja y culturales del no uso del condón masculino en estudiantes del programa de Enfermería de la Universidad Santiago de Cali en el periodo académico 2018
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2018) Giraldo Gutiérrez, Andrea; Murillo González, Lina Vanessa; Ramírez Moreno, Diana Cristina; Bambague, Goldy
La sexualidad, un aspecto que constituye la vida humana, está íntimamente ligada a la esencia del hombre y lo acompaña durante todos los períodos o etapas del desarrollo de la personalidad. Al ser una característica natural del ser humano es necesario conocerla así cómo se conocen otros aspectos humanos naturales, eliminando tabúes, puntos de vista negativos o todo tipo de barreras que lleven a la desinformación. Diariamente las personas se involucran en situaciones de riesgo. La vulnerabilidad o las amenazas, por separado, no representan un peligro. Pero si se juntan, se convierten en un riesgo, o sea, en la probabilidad de que ocurra un desastre. Una de las mejores formas de reducir el riesgo es manejar un proceso de aprendizaje a lo largo de la vida; por ende, es importante educar sobre salud sexual, ya que si la sexualidad no se vive con responsabilidad, puede conllevar a unas situaciones de riesgo como lo son el contagio de infecciones de transmisión sexual y embarazos no deseados, los cuales son casos que, según las estadísticas, son constantes en la sociedad, liderándolos los adolescentes y jóvenes. La educación sexual mejora las condiciones de vida de la población, previene problemas sociales y problemas de salud física y mental, y promueve el cumplimiento de los derechos humanos, fomentando la equidad en la convivencia entre niños y adultos, y entre mujeres y varones. Los métodos anticonceptivos de barrera ayudan a llevar una vida sexual sana, el más conocido es el condón masculino, este es el único que ofrece una doble protección, es decir, ayuda a prevenir las ITS y embarazos no deseados, y es por esto que se promueve mucho su uso, sin embargo, revisando en la literatura y los casos que se ven a diario, aún hay muchos aspectos que limitan su uso. Por lo tanto, este trabajo de investigación determinó los aspectos personales, de la pareja y culturales del no uso del condón masculino, para obtener los resultados se aplicó una encuesta a estudiantes del programa de enfermería de la Universidad Santiago de Cali en el periodo académico 2018A; con los datos obtenidos se informará a la dirección del programa con el fin de que se les empiece a brindar herramientas a los estudiantes y así formar líderes con conocimientos y capacidades que ayuden a fortalecer los programas existentes en la universidad de promoción de la salud y prevención de la enfermedad con respecto a la salud sexual.
Atención en salud de la población transgénero ¿cuál ha sido el progreso?: Revisión de alcance
(2023) De La Cruz González, Harold Andres; García Diaz, Daniela; Gómez Riaño, Kevin Alexander; Barrero Castro Andrea (Directora)
The transgender population has historically faced a large number of barriers in access and quality of health care, which has led to a higher prevalence of diseases and chronic conditions, the objective of this systematic review is to describe the advances in the preparation of health professionals and future professionals for the care of the transgender population. Methodology: The articles included were selected from the open access indexed databases available to the Universidad Santiago de Cali, published between 2016 and 2022; Scopus, Sage Journals, Scielo, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Nursing 2022, others (national library medicen , elservier, Taylor and François), in which 32 articles were identified that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, after that the CASPe critical reading program was applied, of which 25 articles responded to the research question, addressing topics such as: Barriers to care, covid-19 times, research in Colombia, Advances in the curriculum, educational tools for students and health professionals, health care for the transgender population in schools and clinical advances
Autocuidado de gestantes inscritas en un programa de control prenatal de una ese de la ciudad de Cali.
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Alonso Rey, Erick Rafael; Ramírez Raba, Raquel Milena; Zambrano Bermeo, Rosa Nury (Directora)
Autocuidado y estilos de vida de la población migrante que ingresa al programa de enfermería- Universidad Santiago de Cali en el periodo 2019
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) López Pérez, Dayana Stefanía; Obando Moya, Valentina; Loaiza Buitrago,Diana
The migration of young people to pursue higher education has in most cases been determined by socio-economic conditions. This type of student migration, in turn involves changes of residence, temporary or permanent, as well as processes of adaptation in them and of course changes in their lifestyles and self-care practices. Due to the importance of favoring and making possible the permanence of the student in a university program without affecting his quality of life, this work was carried out with the objective of identifying the lifestyles of the migrant student population of the nursing program in the year 2019 of the University of Santiago de Cali. The type of study was quantitative, represented by the totality of the migrant students, whose data collection was carried out through the instrument of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) "Como es mi estilo de vida". The study had the corresponding ethical endorsement. It was observed that 70% of the students come from the municipalities of Cauca and Valle del Cauca, with an average age of 18 years, in general an adequate level was found in their lifestyles but there are risks where self-care practices can be improved mainly in habits of physical activity and nutrition. It is therefore necessary to rethink self-care to promote the welfare of students taking into account their sociodemographic characteristics and according to the guidelines of the university.
Automedicación en estudiantes de enfermería de una institución de educación superior privada. Cali 2020
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2020) Rocha Tenorio, Victoria Eugenia; Pechene Paz, Paula Andrea; Castro Cataño, María Elena (Directora)
Barreras de acceso a servicios de consulta externa que atienden al grupo de la vejez
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2023) Montaño Cuero, Maryin Vanesa; Sánchez Montaño, Leidy Lorena; Muñoz Hernández, Nicolás Andrey; Fernández Quintero, Jose Gravin (Director)
Objective: Identify the barriers to access the outpatient service of a low complexity institution that serves the adult group in the period from October to November 2022. Methodology: An observational cross-sectional investigation was carried out, focused on the model of Aday, L. A., & Andersen; where the population under study were adults over 60 years of age who used the health services of this institution. The calculation of the sample was made from the adults who attend the red oriente health service in Cali, with a population of 150,000 users, the probability of service use in this population group is 30%, a confidence level of 95% and an error of 5%. Estimating a sample of 322 people. The surveys were applied to the sample of people who attended the outpatient service in the period October-November 2022 and agreed to participate in the survey.
Barreras de acceso de las gestantes al programa del control prenatal de una E.S.E de Cali
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Burbano Herrera, Monica Patricia; Ortega Camayo, Ximena; Cardona Aldana, Lina Marcela; Diaz Chavarro, Blanca Cecilia (Directora)
Timely and adequate access to prenatal care is essential to ensuring maternal and fetal health. However, many pregnant women face significant barriers that hinder their effective access to these services, especially those living in rural, poor, or marginalized areas. Globally, marked inequality is observed: while in high-income countries, 99% of births are attended by trained personnel, in low- and middleincome countries this figure drops considerably. In this context, a quantitative study was conducted in a State Social Enterprise (ESE) in Cali, Colombia, with the aim of identifying the barriers pregnant women face in accessing prenatal care services. The research included a randomly selected sample of 187 pregnant women, with a 95% confidence level. Through statistical analysis of the collected data, multiple obstacles were identified, including deficiencies in service quality, mistreatment, shortages of staff and supplies, as well as social factors such as poverty, discrimination, and gender inequalities. Furthermore, climate and humanitarian crises exacerbated these conditions
Beneficios de la calostroterapia en recién nacidos prematuros. Revisión bibliográfica 2018-2023
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Bravo Florez, Gina Yissela; Ortega Saavedra, Claudia Eslendy; Ramírez Diaz, Marlyn; Ospina Uribe,Martha Cecilia
It is well known that the feeding of newborns (NB) with breast milk (BF) has occurred since time immemorial and this is how the human race evolved (1) In later years there were many advances regarding the protective aspects of BF that contributed to increasing knowledge of its benefits in the NB, mother and family. Thus arose the impressive variety of benefits that BF provides to neonates, especially extremely premature infants, when administered from the first day of life and, if possible, exclusively until the first 6 months of life. (1) Historically, the colostrum administration technique was done using a cotton bud which was immersed in the colostrum, but there was concern that the colostrum would not be ingested and would instead be absorbed into the cotton, thanks to the evolution of the colostrum administration technique. Colostrum in the premature newborn consists of extracting colostrum from the mother's breast with the help of a syringe to be directly administered to the neonate in its oropharyngeal mucosa.(3) The volume of oropharyngeal colostrum provided varies but is between 0.1 and 0. .5 ml and is usually divided between the right and left cheek.(3) Breastfeeding and early use of colostrum reduces the rates of NEC, neonatal sepsis, retinopathy of prematurity and shortens the time to achieve complete enteral feeding. Likewise, it reduces the duration of hospital stays, having positive effects on neurological development. and additionally favors the reduction of other pathologies such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and hospital readmissions in the first year of life.(1) In the present work, a bibliographic review was carried out between the years 2018 - 2023 on the use of colostrotherapy in premature newborns, initially 878 related articles were found, of which 10 articles were selected that highlight the reduction of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). , neonatal sepsis, retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), complications in the first year of life, strengthening of the immune system and improvement in neurodevelopment

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