Microbiología
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Item Activación foto-catalítica de nano partículas de MnO2 obtenidas a partir de ablación laser, aplicada a superficies auto-limpiantes(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2021) Villegas Díaz, Claudia Lorena; Ávila Torres, Yenny Patricia (Directora); Ríos Acevedo, John Jairo (Director)The nano-particles of metallic materials have many applications, a field of special interest is the hospital, since there are many infections associated with health care (HAI) these infections must be related to hospitalization or procedures performed in the hospital. Mainly originated by Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, for this reason materials are required that are capable of eliminating these bacteria attached to it, and thus prevent the high number of infections (self-cleaning surfaces). A new material with these characteristics is manganese oxide (MnO2), used in the manufacture of steel, with which hospital equipment is manufactured. In this study, different factors affecting bactericidal photocatalysis were tested, showing that the attack is discriminated for gram positive and gram negative bacteria, the action mechanism is governed via hydroxyl radicals and to a lesser degree via superficial voids. Finally, a material with little recombination is obtained, which represents a success in the synthesis of metal oxide.Item Actividad antifúngica de Alpinia zerumbet frente a mohos y levaduras de importancia clínica(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2020) Cruz Alemán, Lady Stephanie; Benavides Gálvez, Laura Isabel; Caicedo Bejarano, Luz Dary (Directora); Castro Narváez, Sandra Patricia (Directora)Invasive fungal diseases (EFI) diseases to susceptible hosts, cause high impact morbidity and mortality, associated with the high resistance to antimycotics of the agents etiological associated with this pathology. The antifungal activity of extracts of Alpinia zerumbet, vs. C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. krusei, Aspergillus fumigatus, A. terreus and Fusarium oxysporum was determined. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method and minimum inhibitory fungal concentration (CFI) based on NTC 2455 was used. As control sample, Fluconazole standard is considered and 96% Ethanol as a control. The alcoholic and hydroalcoholic extracts of the leaves and flowers affected good fungistatic and fungicidal activity when compared to the control and standard sample. It is concluded that the leaves compounds and flowers of A. zerumbet are promising for future research looking for compounds with antimicrobial activity for use in agriculture, food, and treatment of systemic mycosis.Item Actividad antimicrobiana de Fitocannabinoides como principios activos en plantas medicinales: Una revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Rivera Vargas, Maria Yuliel; Suarez Osorio, Liseth (Directora); Falco Restrepo, Aura Dayana (Directora)Phytochemical compounds have long been an alternative to traditional medicine, which is why the industrial sector is dedicated to the manufacture of products such as drugs, cosmetics and veterinary products, and have considered innovating their lines from raw materials derived from the extraction of active compounds from plants. In this way, plant material with various attributes or substances that are allowed and regulated by government entities for use and marketing has been sought. Due to the above, it was proposed to carry out this systematic review that aims to identify medicinal plants that contain phytocannabinoids and that have antimicrobial activity. The consulted databases corresponding to 83, of which documents dating from the years 2010 to 2022 were found, however, 24 were discarded, since they were related to clinical aspects of veterinary use and others due to the years of publication, the which are outside the range of the minimum 10 years to be taken into account for the development of the systemic review.Item Actividad enzimática de levaduras recolectadas de diferentes ambientes del Valle del Cauca(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2020) Olaya Hurtado, Dora Stefany; Ossa Cabra, Liseth Tatiana; Martínez Garay, Carlos Andrés (Director); Ramírez Castrillón, Mauricio (Director)Agro-industrial waste affects the environment, which makes it a current problem. A sustainable strategy is the use of microorganisms, such as yeast, to metabolize and to degrade these compounds, which will allow the development of bioremediation strategies. In this research, we tested yeasts from the mycoteca of Universidad Santiago de Cali, collected from different environments of Valle del Cauca, to determine their enzymatic activity. For this, they were grown in media with different substrates, to evaluate their ability to degrade them through the determination of an enzymatic coefficient (PZ), which takes into account the degradation halos formed. A total of 95 yeast strains were evaluated, of which 37 strains presented some enzymatic activity. Several strains showed potential in this field; the LN6A, P4, LC071A, YAM1, and YAM3 strains had the highest enzymatic activity; while some had the ability to degrade or metabolize two different substrates (LN4A, MRC33, LC112, P4, LN7C) or up to three types of substrate (MRC39). In addition to this, the LN4A strain, from the Navarro lagoon and identified as Candida tropicalis, presented a higher enzymatic activity in two types of substrate.Item Actividad enzimática de levaduras recolectadas en diferentes ambientes del Valle del Cauca(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2021) Ossa Cabra, Liseth Tatiana; Olaya Hurtado, Dora Stefany; Martínez Gara, Carlos Andrés (Director)Agro-industrial waste affects the environment, which makes it a current problem. A sustainable strategy is the use of microorganisms, such as yeast, to metabolize and to degrade these compounds, which will allow the development of bioremediation strategies. In this research, we tested yeasts from the mycoteca of Universidad Santiago de Cali, collected from different environments of Valle del Cauca, to determine their enzymatic activity. For this, they were grown in media with different substrates, to evaluate their ability to degrade them through the determination of an enzymatic coefficient (PZ), which takes into account the degradation halos formed. A total of 95 yeast strains were evaluated, of which 37 strains presented some enzymatic activity. Several strains showed potential in this field; the LN6A, P4, LC071A, YAM1, and YAM3 strains had the highest enzymatic activity; while some had the ability to degrade or metabolize two different substrates (LN4A, MRC33, LC112, P4, LN7C) or up to three types of substrate (MRC39). In addition to this, the LN4A strain, from the Navarro lagoon and identified as Candida tropicalis, presented a higher enzymatic activity in two types of substrate.Item Aislamiento de bacteriófagos provenientes de una muestra de origen ambiental con capacidad de infectar Salmonella spp(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2020) Álvarez Pérez, Juan Martín; Falco Restrepo, Aura Dayana (Directora)Salmonellosis is a Foodborne Disease (FDB) that occurs due to contamination by bacteria of the Salmonella genus in edibles such as chicken and pork, as well as in products from poultry farms. Because the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in chickens has contributed to the selection of resistant bacteria, it is necessary to implement natural alternatives that allow the control of bacterial populations in poultry farms, bacteriophages being a possible option due to their high specificity to infect bacteria. Using the double layer method, bacteriophages were found in an environmental sample of chicken manure from a poultry farm located in the municipality of Palmira, Valle del Cauca, capable of infecting a strain of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica ATCC 14028.Item Aislamiento y cuantificación de microorganismos nativos con capacidad celulolítica y amilolítica presentes en el bagazo y la cachaza empleados como materias primas utilizadas en la producción de abonos orgánicos, procedentes de un ingenio azucarero del Valle del Cauca(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Caicedo Grueso, Kelly Vanessa; Oviedo Mossos, Angela (Directora); Corredor Sáenz, Viviana (Directora)The study characterized the native microbial population with cellulolytic and amylolytic capacity present in bagasse and press mud, by-products of a sugar mill in Valle del Cauca for the production of organic fertilizers. To quantify the hydrolytic activity of the isolates present in bagasse and press mud, they were evaluated following the methods of Teather and Wood, as well as that of Lugol, using culture media with carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and starch at 1% (w/v). The investigation revealed that the press mud harbors a greater microbial diversity, with a cellulolytic bacterial population (50%), while in the bagasse, cellulolytic bacteria (46%) predominated over amylolytic bacteria. Serial dilutions of 10-6 and 10-7 were optimal for the isolation of cellulolytic microorganisms in both substrates. In terms of enzymatic activity, bagasse showed higher amylolytic activity (7.70 Lg UCF/g), while press mud stood out in cellulolytic activity (7.70 Lg CFU/g). These findings contribute to the knowledge of the potential in the bioconversion of agroindustrial by-products for their use in the production of more efficient organic fertilizers.Item Aislamiento, identificación y caracterización de bacterias ácido acéticas (BAA) para la producción de vinagre a partir de vino tinto(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2021) Portilla Sinisterra, Andrés Fernando; Vera Lizcano, Omaira (Directora)Studies of the microorganisms associated with the fermentation processes, their identification and the standardization of their biotechnological use, are of great interest for the economic and technological growth of a country. In this study, a winemaking protocol was obtained to later produce vinegar for human consumption through acetic fermentation, which is carried out mainly by acetic bacteria under aerobic conditions. 10 batches of wine were produced from Isabella grapes, obtained in the municipality of Ginebra-Valle del Cauca, an alcohol percentage between 9,8 – 11,2% was reached, to later obtain acetic acid. The Orleans method was used to make vinegar, which consists of stationary oxidation of ethanol in acetic acid, under the conditions required for the growth of acetic bacteria, from which a concentration of acetic acid between 47,4 - 60 g / L. Subsequently, the bacteria of the Acetobacteraceae family were isolated by means of cutives and identified by means of biochemical techniques. Later, with the Vitek 2 team, the Acetobacter acetti species was identified as the acetic bacteria found in vinegar, it was cryopreserved. This microorganism can be used to produce balsamic vinegar, which is of great commercial interest.Item Análisis comparativo de tres métodos biológicos en el tratamiento de vinazas(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2022) Ruiz León, Nathalia; Jaramillo Castaño, Nicolás; Pérez Mora, Lina SusanaThe purpose of the systematic review of the literature published between 2012 and 2021 is to evaluate the different alternative treatments for the purification of vinasse focused on three biological methods: anaerobic treatment, composting, and cultivation with microalgae. To this end, an analysis of various scientific articles and studies were carried out in different institutional and academic platforms in Spanish and English. It was identified that, in the three processes studied, they all have an application history that verifies their usefulness in reducing the aforementioned contaminants. They can be compared for their efficiency, operating conditions, level of removal, and time required in their transformation and depending on the circumstances the best alternative can be chosen. The anaerobic method is the most effective with an 80% reduction in organic load, but with a medium level of difficulty in its operation and a necessary transformation time of 60 days. While the composting method presents the lowest operating costs, a reduction of organic load of 68%, with a longer transformation time of 240 days. Finally, the microalgae culture method handles the shortest transformation time in 10 days to reach a contaminant reduction level of 50% but with high operating costsItem Análisis de los factores que contribuyen a la persistencia de bacterias no detectables en el agua potable tratada: Revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Arango Jaramillo, Alejandra; Bautista Carrillo, Jonathan (Director)This monograph addressed the persistence of undetectable bacteria in treated drinking water, a problem that affects the quality of the resource and public health. The objective was to describe the factors contributing to this persistence through a systematic literature review using the PRISMA methodology. A search of five databases yielded 1300 documents, of which 34 were selected after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results showed that biofilm formation, resistance to disinfectants, and the characteristics of the distribution infrastructure are determining factors in the survival of these microorganisms. Limitations in conventional treatment technologies were also identified, the effectiveness of which depends on the type of bacteria and their resistance mechanisms. It was concluded that a combination of microbiological, technological, and structural factors influences bacterial persistence, making it important to strengthen microbiological surveillance and optimize treatment processes to ensure drinking water qualityItem Análisis del riesgo microbiológico asociado a coliformes fecales y Salmonella spp en el cultivo de rábano con aplicación de lodos residuales y biosólidos(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Peláez Giraldo, Angie Daniela; Agudelo Sánchez, Luis Eduardo; Cárdenas Talero, José Luis (Director)Domestic wastewater treatment plants generate by-products, including residual sludge and biosolids, which contain a large amount of organic matter and nutrients. This material is generally not utilized and is discarded without adding value, increasing its final disposal in landfills. Therefore, this research analyzed the microbiological risk associated with the use of residual sludge and biosolids applied to a radish crop (Raphanus sativus L.). Initial microbiological analyses (before treatment preparation) were conducted on the soil, sludge, and biosolids, as well as microbiological analyses of the treatments used at harvest, including the vegetable. The study was carried out using the most probable number (MPN) technique for the determination of fecal coliforms, based on Standard Methods, and the Colombian technical standard NTC 4574 was used to identify the presence of Salmonella spp. The results showed that the initial microbiological characteristics of biosolids A and B met the established regulations and could be used for the study. In the case of residual sludge, the microbial load was high because they are unstabilized by-products. However, microbiological results for the experimental treatments at the applied doses showed a significant decrease in microbial load for fecal coliforms and Salmonella spp. Nevertheless, radishes harvested from the different treatments, except for the treatment (T1: Soil-Biosolid A), presented high concentrations of fecal coliforms, making them unsuitable for consumption. The biosolids originated in the PTARca, when mixed with soil doses, generate a by-product with great potential for soil application, but it is not recommended to cultivate directly consumable foods as it was shown that microorganisms develop mechanisms to adhere to, survive, and multiply in the radish.Item Análisis del rol de los microorganismos en la transformación, degradación y biorremediación de compuestos organoclorados en ambientes acuáticos y suelos contaminados: Una revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Caicedo Artunduaga, Andres Felipe; Fernandez Daza, Fabian Felipe (Director)This systematic review evaluates the role of microorganisms in the transformation, degradation, and bioremediation of organochlorine compounds in aquatic environments and contaminated soils. A total of 25 scientific studies published between 2015 and 2025 were analyzed, covering regions such as India, China, Egypt, Spain, Italy, Colombia, Mexico, and Nigeria. The most prominent microorganisms include bacteria such as Pseudomonas, Dehalococcoides, Paenibacillus, Enterobacter; fungi such as Trametes versicolor and Penicillium crustosum; and microalgae such as Cystoseira spp. Under controlled conditions, removal rates above 90% were observed for pesticides such as DDT, lindane, diuron, 2,4- D, and PCP. Key mechanisms include dehalogenation, co-metabolism, aerobic oxidation, and complete mineralization. The effectiveness of these processes depends on factors such as pH, temperature, nutrient availability, and the type of microbial consortium. This review highlights the biotechnological potential of microorganisms in mitigating persistent pollutants, promoting ecological restoration and public health.Item Análisis metataxonómico de suelos de cultivos de yuca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) con síntomas de cuero de sapo(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Díaz Marín, Valentina; Ocampo Ibáñez, Iván Darío (Director)“Frogskin disease” mainly affects the roots of cassava and generates symptoms that deteriorate large quantities of crops. The International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) in Colombia has been studying this disease in cassava crops for approximately 50 years and has proposed some associated pathogens, however, the causal agent is still unknown. Therefore, in the present study, a meta-taxonomic analysis of the bacteria and fungi that are present in soils of cassava crops with symptoms of the “Frogskin disease” disease was carried out to find the possible causal agents. For this, a metataxonomic analysis was carried out, using Illumina Miseq sequencing, to obtain fungal ITS and bacterial 16S sequences. Bacteria belonging to the phyla Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were obtained; mainly the genera Pantoea, Enterobacter, Bacillus, and Rhizobium. The phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the most abundant in the fungal ITS communities; represented by the genera Fusarium, Aspergillus, and Alternaria. The analysis of alpha and beta diversity using the Miseq sequencing platform revealed through a one-way ANOVA and a PERMANOVA that there were significant differences in composition at the genus level in soils with disease symptoms and control soils. This study provided useful information on the microbiome present in the rhizosphere and roots of resistant plants infected with “Frogskin disease” symptoms.Item Análisis molecular del endosimbionte wolbachia spp en la microfolariasis canina por acanthocheilonema reconditum(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2021) Rincón Hurtado, Reinel German; Garcia Moreno, Pamela (Directora)Microfilariae are a group of nematodes whose main host is the dog and, to a lesser extent, the human. These filariae are transmitted through mosquitoes of the following genera: Culex, Anopheles and Aedes, as well as fleas, lice, among other vectors, depending on the species of the nematode. Regarding A. reconditum, it is an occasional zoonotic pathogen that affects subcutaneous tissue and perirenal fat; causing common but clinically less important infections in dogs. On the other hand, there are other filariae such as D. immitis; which causes the pathology known as heartworm. A disease that on many occasions can be fatal for the canine that harbors it. The main characteristic of these nematodes is their endosymbiotic relationship with the intracellular bacterium Wolbachia spp, which is essential for the development and fertility of the nematodes. On A. reconditum there is little scientific literature in the world, given its limited distribution. This parasite is of great interest at the local level, since in a recent study carried out at the Santiago de Cali University, by the GIMIA research group, it has been found as a causal agent of microfilariasis in an outbreak detected in Cali since 2016, which The clinical manifestations mainly include anemia. The objective of the present study was to molecularly characterize the endosymbiont Wolbachia spp, and evaluate the formation of Wolbachia spp with A. reconditum in a cohort of dogs with microfilariae and their possible vectors at the local level. For this, the amplification of the Wolbachia gene (rrs) by conventional PCR and the ftsZ gene by nested PCR was implemented. As a result, it was obtained that none of the samples obtained from canines infected with A. reconditum were positive for Wolbachia (0/82), while these two molecular tests were positive in the different arthropods evaluated (100%). In conclusion, it was possible to standardize and establish the methods of the diagnostic techniques for the endosymbiont bacterium Wolbachia spp. On the other hand, standardized molecular techniques, the ftsZ-based method, was the most effective for the identification of Wolbachia in DNA samples positive for canine microfilariasis compared to the rrs-based method.Item Aprovechamiento de los residuos sólidos obtenidos de la producción de cerveza: Bagazo de cebada(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2022) Marulanda Lopez, Sebastian Camilo; Alzate Calderón, Paola Carolina (Directora); Vera Lizcano, Omaira (Directora)The brewing industry generates a large amount of polluting waste, taking into account the high energy consumption, water consumption and atmospheric emissions; this leads to a great environmental impact. In the present work, the utilization of barley bagasse residue was used to reduce this impact. Initially, the barley (waste from the USC brewery) was collected, dried and finally the nutritional value of the dried bagasse was evaluated by means of a nutritional table analysis, to take advantage of the waste and determine whether it could be used in human food. To achieve the above, a drying process was initially carried out in a convection oven, evaluating different temperatures, and then milled to obtain a functional flour suitable for human consumption as a final product. Thanks to this work, it is concluded that it is possible to obtain a product with potential use in the field of human nutrition and leaves a precedent to help the circular economy of the waste generated in the USC brewery plant. This work is also a positive contribution to the reduction of the environmental impact that today is a global problem in many industries such as brewing.Item Aproximación metagenómica para la identificación de bacterias endófitas de la raíz de yuca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) bajo condiciones de estrés abiótico(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2020) Fernández Gaviria, Alexandra; Herrera Arbeláez, Valentina; Corrales Ducuara, Alba Rocío (Directora); López Álvarez, Diana Carolina (Directora)Cassava (M. esculenta) is the fourth most important crop in the world. It is considered a basic food in the diet of millions of people in tropical and sub-tropical areas. However, its productivity has been affected by adverse environmental conditions such as: low and high temperatures. In this regard, it is important to study new tolerant mechanisms to different types of abiotic stress. Knowing the endophyte microbial diversity of the root may influence positively or negatively in its development, productivity and crop heath under abiotic stress conditions. Cassava plants M. esculenta of the variety MCOL1734 were subjected to stress by hydric deficit for a 20-day period. In the metagenomic analysis of endophyte bacteria there were four Phylum; Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria, which are cataloged as endophytes in root of plants. Species like; Clostridium sp. Acinetobacter lwoffii and Acinetobacter sp. which are PGPR bacteria, are candidates to implement in improvement programs to increase tolerance to water deficit in cassava cultivation (M. esculenta).Item Bacterias ambientales aisladas en Santiago de Cali: una aproximación desde la taxonomía integrativa(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2020) Vergara López, Laura Isabella; Ortiz Díaz, Alejandro; Rosero García, Doris Amanda (Directora)Integrative taxonomy is defined as the use of a multiple and complementary perspective for the delimitation of species. In the present study, culturable bacteria were isolated from six lagoons that are part of a landfill leachate treatment plant located at Antiguo Vertedero of Navarro. For each of the isolates, traditional bacterial taxonomic characters were obtained for the identification of morphotypes and ecological characters for the determination of ecotypes. Then, for some isolates, molecular characters were obtained by amplifying the ribosomal subunit of 16S rRNA, characters obtained from biochemical tests or MALDI-TOF, which were additional characters. An integrative taxonomy protocol was designed, which allowed the assignment of a taxonomic category using characters from conventional taxonomy, molecular characters (16S rRNA) and one of the additional characters. A list was generated consisting of 26 described species, 25 confirmed candidate species and 3 unconfirmed candidate species. The development of this research contributes to the knowledge about the biodiversity of bacteria at the local and national level, the list of species of environmental bacteria in Colombia is updated to 242. In addition, a methodology that had not been used to date for the identification of bacteria with environmental interest in Colombia was implemented.Item Bacterias potencialmente degradadoras de hidrocarburos aisladas en Santiago de Cali, Valle del Cauca(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2020) Machacado Salas, Maryuris; Rache Arce, Diana Carolina; Rosero García, Doris Amanda (Directora)Oil hydrocarbon pollution is one of the main problems around the world since it generates negative ecological, economic, and social impacts. Colombia has been affected by hydrocarbon spills that contaminate different environments such as water and soil. Bacteria have been reported with the ability to degrade hydrocarbons, becoming an excellent strategy for designing studies that contribute solutions to this problem. In the present study, a methodology was standardized to isolate hydrocarbon degrading bacteria in six biological oxidation lagoons and a pure leachate from a treatment plant located in the Old Navarro Landfill at Santiago de Cali city. Three tests were conducted: leachate contamination, disk test and tube test, and 17 bacterial morphotypes with degrading potential of gasoline, diesel and ACPM were found. The bacteria identified were Serratia marcescens (morphotype 97), Bacillus sp. (morphotypes 90, 117 and 263), Bacillus cereus (morphotype 120) and Exiguobacterium sp. (morphotypes 123 and 137). This work carried out to standardize a methodology to isolate bacterial morphotypes in the Old Navarro Landfill and allowed future studies to study the degradation mechanisms in bacteria, and solutions that contribute to the reduction of hydrocarbon contamination.Item Bacterias potencialmente degradadoras de hidrocarburos aisladas en Santiago de Cali, Valle del Cauca(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2021) Machacado Salas, Maryuris; Rache Arce, Diana Carolina; Rosero Garcia, Doris Amanda (Directora)Oil hydrocarbon pollution is one of the main problems around the world since it generates negative ecological, economic, and social impacts. Colombia has been affected by hydrocarbon spills that contaminate different environments such as water and soil. Bacteria have been reported with the ability to degrade hydrocarbons, becoming an excellent strategy for designing studies that contribute solutions to this problem. In the present study, a methodology was standardized to isolate hydrocarbon degrading bacteria in six biological oxidation lagoons and a pure leachate from a treatment plant located in the Old Navarro Landfill at Santiago de Cali city. Three tests were conducted: leachate contamination, disk test and tube test, and 17 bacterial morphotypes with degrading potential of gasoline, diesel and ACPM were found. The bacteria identified were Serratia marcescens (morphotype 97), Bacillus sp. (morphotypes 90, 117 and 263), Bacillus cereus (morphotype 120) and Exiguobacterium sp. (morphotypes 123 and 137). This work carried out to standardize a methodology to isolate bacterial morphotypes in the Old Navarro Landfill and allowed future studies to study the degradation mechanisms in bacteria, and solutions that contribute to the reduction of hydrocarbon contamination.Item Bacterias presentes en suelos contaminados con mercurio y su uso potencial en tecnologías de biorremediación: Una revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2022) Valencia Victoria, Isabela; Ramírez Mosquera, Katheryn Nohelia; Falco Restrepo, Aura Dayana (Directora)