Microbiología
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Item Evaluación de la actividad antimicrobiana de péptidos obtenidos a partir de la hidrólisis enzimática de la proteína de Chenopodium quinoa frente a Staphylococcus aureus y Escherichia coli(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2023) Penagos Montaña, Nataly; Peralta Loboa, Camilo; Oñate Garzón, José Fernando; Cardona Cardona, Yudy VanesaPeptides are amino acid polymers with bioactive properties. In this regard, quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) is a good alternative for peptide production due to its high protein composition and abundance in the national territory. However, the high cost of synthesis has led to the search for other alternatives such as enzymatic hydrolysis, where commercial enzymes obtained from plants, like actinidin, a cysteine-protease present in kiwi (Actinidina deliciosa), with proteolytic activity on vegetable substrates, are used. In this study, enzymatic hydrolysis of quinoa protein was performed using actinidin after an alkaline extraction. The obtained peptides were quantified using the Bradford method. Finally, their antimicrobial activity against S. aureus ATCC 25923 and E. coli ATCC 25922 was evaluated. The results indicated that the obtained peptides exhibited inhibition up to 0.000509 mg/mL for S. aureus ATCC 25923 and 0.004008 mg/mL for E. coli ATCC 25922Item Evaluación de la viabilidad de probióticos encapsulados e incorporados en la formulación de un helado duro(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2023) Plaza Jiménez, Henry; Montes Ruiz, Óscar Mauricio; Álzate, Calderón, Paola; Ramírez-Navas, Juan SebastiánThe implementation of probiotics in foods brings great health benefits. However, such probiotics are sensitive to adverse environmental conditions. For this reason, encapsulation techniques have been studied and implemented to maintain its viability. The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of calcium alginate capsules with chitosan, produced by the extrusion method to maintain the viability of probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL 1505 and Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-3 in hard ice cream and evaluate its effect on the quality parameters and sensory characteristics of the product. In terms of methodology, L. rhamnosus and L. acidophilus were incorporated as probiotic strains in the ice cream formulation. Five ice cream systems were prepared: free L. rhamnosus, encapsulated L. rhamnosus, free L. acidophilus, encapsulated L. acidophilus and a control (ice cream without probiotics). The results showed that encapsulated probiotics showed higher viability during storage compared to free probiotics and that their incorporation into the formulation didn’t affect the physicochemical parameters of the product. However, the functional parameters were negatively affected by the encapsulated probiotics. Even so, they demonstrated great acceptance in terms of their sensory properties. Concluding that hard ice cream is an optimal food product as a transport system for microencapsulated probiotics such as L. acidophilus and L. rhamnosusItem Estudio de la diversidad liquénica como bioindicador de la calidad del aire en la Universidad Santiago de Cali(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2023) Grijalba Robles, Juan Manuel; Figueroa Tapie, Jully Viviana; Pelegrín Ramírez, Jonathan; Cerón Hernández, Víctor AlfonsoLichenized fungi are symbiotic associations between a fungus and an alga or cyanobacteria, they are resistant to adverse environmental conditions and capable of colonizing diverse ecosystems, most lichens are biomonitors and bioindicators of pollution, since they have very efficient mechanisms to absorb water and nutrients from the atmosphere, bioaccumulating pollutants without being able to eliminate them. In this study, lichen diversity was evaluated at the Universidad Santiago de Cali (USC) with the objective of determining the potential of lichens as bioindicators of air quality. A macro and microscopic characterization and identification of lichens was performed. Lichen diversity was compared with two sampling points, an urban area with signs of air pollution due to mobile sources and the industrialization of the area (Parque de la Caña) and another rural area with low pollution (Pance), both of which have direct measurements. By calculating the Atmospheric Purity Index (API), it was possible to contrast the data on lichenic biodiversity and air quality with the direct measurements of the monitoring stations and thus know the relationship between air quality and the presence or absence of certain lichenic species. The IPA obtained in the areas was 21.9 (Caña), 42.2 (USC) and 124.2 (Pance). Based on the above, with the monitoring data provided by the air quality surveillance system of Santiago de Cali (SVCASC), it was possible to find greater lichen diversity as air pollution decreased and it was particularly observed that for the USC a relatively high diversity (25 species) was reported, higher than in the urban area (P. Caña) with 7 species and lower than in the rural area (Pance) with 47 speciesItem Desarrollo de un empaque biodegradable basado en almidón de papa y aceite esencial de orégano (Origanum vulgare) para la preservación de productos cárnicos(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2023) Ramírez Gutiérrez, Valentina; Falco Restrepo, Aura Dayana del Carmen; Álzate Calderón, PaolaThis research focuses on addressing the environmental problems caused by the excessive use of plastic, proposing the development of biodegradable packaging to preserve meat and offer an alternative to petroleum- derived plastic packaging. Regarding the experimental part, biodegradables films were elaborated using potato starch, chitosan, and the effect of the addition of different concentrations of oregano essential oil (0%, 0.25%, 0.50%, and 1%) used as antimicrobial, in the formulation of the elaborated films was evaluated. The results showed that, in the physicochemical tests (solubility, humidity, and thickness), the films tended to increase these properties as the AEO content increased. Regarding the microbiological results, it was observed that the microbial inhibition halos are greater as the concentration of oregano essential oil increases and that the oil acts better against Gram- positive bacteria than against Gram-negative bacteria. As a general conclusion, it can be indicated that the films elaborated prove to be a viable alternative to conventional packaging, showing a promising future in this area of researchItem Ensamblaje de Novo del genoma de un aislado de pseudomonas SP como bacteria promotora del crecimiento de las plantas (PGPB) basado en la tecnología de secuenciación Minion(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2023) Perlaza Barragán, Julián Andrés; López Álvarez, Diana Carolina; Corrales Ducuara, Alba RocíoModern agriculture has forced an increase in the production of agricultural crops by providing the intensive use of chemical fertilizers that have had a devastating effect on soil quality. In addition, climate change has generated a negative impact on the quality of soils used for agriculture, thus putting food security at risk. PGPRs are promoted as a sustainable application that will reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Through nanopore sequencing of the MinION platform, the sequence and de novo assembly of the genome of a Pseudomonas protegens isolate from Galleria mellonella larvae found in plantain soils was obtained. The chromosome had a size of 7,055,130 (bp) with a total of 6399 protein-coding genes. On the other hand, a total of 9 genes involved in promoting plant growth were identified, of which genes that encode phytohormones, phosphorus solubilizers and denitrifying enzymes were present. In addition, 25 genes involved in the control and suppression of phytopathogens were found, being mostly siderophores, antibiotics and biocontrol factors. The results showed that the isolated Pseudomonas protegens is a possible candidate as a biocontrol agent for use in crops of agricultural interestItem Evaluación de un bioinoculante obtenido a partir de microorganismos celulolíticos aislados en un proceso de compostaje en el colegio alemán de Cali(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Chavez Martinez, Baurin Joseph; Noreña Arroyave, Kelly Johanna; Quijano Pérez, Silvia AndreaIt is estimated that, at the national level, 76% of waste is organic and few are efficiently used in the circular economy through composting due to the long time it takes to obtain it. This study evaluated an inoculant obtained from cellulolytic microorganisms isolated from a compost made at the Aleman school in Cali. Its execution started with the manufacture of compost bins and the realization of control compost that was characterized microbiologically-physicochemically in all its phases, identifying Enterobacter colae as the microorganism with the highest cellulolytic capacity, with which a bioinoculant was developed and its efficiency was compared with the control compost, showing a reduction in the time to obtain it to 29 days. Its effect on the germination of Lactuca sativa and Raphanus sativus was evaluated, showing that the compost with bioinoculant promotes root and hypocotyl growth of the seeds studied. It was concluded that E. colae complex is useful in the composting process and contributes to germinationItem Evaluación del efecto de Paecilomyces fumosoroseus y Trichoderma harzianum en la germinación y crecimiento de semillas de ajonjolí (Sesamum indicum)(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Martínez García, Tania Isabella; Patiño Ramírez, Sebastián; Rojas Barreto, Julián Alonso (Director); Martínez Garay, Carlos Andrés (Director)Sesame has interesting nutritional properties with applications in the food, pharmaceutical or veterinary industries. In Colombia its cultivation is not widespread, being found mainly in the Caribbean. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers can increase production costs, thus negatively impacting soil quality. This has driven the search for sustainable alternatives, such as bioformulated ones using microorganisms to promote crop growth. In this study, the effect of the fungi Paecilomyces fumosoroseus and Trichoderma harzianum on the germination and growth of sesame under laboratory and nursery conditions was evaluated. It was evident that seeds inoculated with T. harzianum increased the speed and percentage of germination in the nursery, but no effects were observed with P. fumosoroseus. No significant effects were found on the agronomic variables (root length, stem and biomass). These results highlight the importance of continuing to investigate sustainable methods for agricultura.Item Elaboración de microcápsulas por gelación iónica, como agentes protectoras de probióticos a base de kéfir artesanal frente a condiciones ácidas(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Bedoya López, Stephanie; Sánchez Montoya, Giada Tatiana; Oñate Garzón, José Fernando (Director); Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director)Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when consumed in adequate quantities, provide health benefits, interacting with the intestinal flora, helping to maintain an appropriate intestinal balance. However, probiotics can be sensitive to adverse environmental conditions, which is why microencapsulation techniques have been implemented to maintain their viability. The objective of this study is to evaluate the protective effect of the microencapsulation method. As? Using the ionic gelation technique with sodium alginate, calcium chloride and coating with carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), applying an in vitro simulation under gastric acid conditions. Regarding the methodology, the isolation of lactic acid bacteria was carried out using artisanal kefir, then biochemical tests were carried out to obtain a precise characterization of the probiotic strains acquired and finally microencapsulation was carried out by the ionic gelation method. The results demonstrated that the microencapsulated probiotic bacteria were resistant to in vitro simulation in gastric acid conditions, confirming that these bacteria were able to survive the acidic environment in which they were subjected, obtaining a higher concentration compared to free probiotic bacteria. In this way, it can be concluded that microcapsules with lactic acid bacteria obtained from artisanal kefir are a viable alternative.Item Obtención de carbón activado a partir de bagazo de caña para la descontaminación de tinidazol en aguas(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Walteros Ospina, Melisa Andrea; Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director); Rojas Camargo, John Jairo (Director)Pollution of water sources is a major problem worldwide. Activated carbon produced from agroindustrial waste has been used for the removal of emerging contaminants that affect water bodies. To address this problem, it was proposed to obtain activated carbon from sugarcane bagasse for the decontamination of tinidazole in water, through the carbonization of the materials at different times and temperatures. A positive result was obtained with the physical and chemical activation of the bagasse; however, the highest percentage of removal was obtained through chemical activation with phosphoric acid with a result of 78% removal of tinidazole. In addition, analyzes of non-sterile pharmaceutical products were carried out in this case, neither Pseudomonas aeruginosa nor Staphylococcus aureus grew in any of the materials. These results demonstrated the adsorption capacity of bagasse, which can generate alternatives for a second use of agroindustrial waste and can be used as bioremediation elements.Item Análisis metataxonómico de suelos de cultivos de yuca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) con síntomas de cuero de sapo(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Díaz Marín, Valentina; Ocampo Ibáñez, Iván Darío (Director)“Frogskin disease” mainly affects the roots of cassava and generates symptoms that deteriorate large quantities of crops. The International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) in Colombia has been studying this disease in cassava crops for approximately 50 years and has proposed some associated pathogens, however, the causal agent is still unknown. Therefore, in the present study, a meta-taxonomic analysis of the bacteria and fungi that are present in soils of cassava crops with symptoms of the “Frogskin disease” disease was carried out to find the possible causal agents. For this, a metataxonomic analysis was carried out, using Illumina Miseq sequencing, to obtain fungal ITS and bacterial 16S sequences. Bacteria belonging to the phyla Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were obtained; mainly the genera Pantoea, Enterobacter, Bacillus, and Rhizobium. The phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the most abundant in the fungal ITS communities; represented by the genera Fusarium, Aspergillus, and Alternaria. The analysis of alpha and beta diversity using the Miseq sequencing platform revealed through a one-way ANOVA and a PERMANOVA that there were significant differences in composition at the genus level in soils with disease symptoms and control soils. This study provided useful information on the microbiome present in the rhizosphere and roots of resistant plants infected with “Frogskin disease” symptoms.Item Hongos saprófitos potencialmente patógenos en ambientes internos del Zoológico de Cali, Colombia(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Sánchez Guerra, Anny Marcela; Domínguez Pérez, Daniela; Caicedo Bejarano, Luz Dary (Directora); Martínez Garay, Carlos Andrés (Director)The study describes for the first time the fungal load of indoor and outdoor environments of the animals of the Zoo of the city of Cali, Colombia. Bimonthly samples were taken for 4 months in 14 animal habitats and 5 in outdoor (visitor) environments, simultaneously recording the temperature and relative humidity of the environment. For sampling, the horizontal gravitational deposition method was applied with the Omeliansky formula and the culture media used were DRBC Agar, Chromagar Candida, and SDA Agar. Pathogenicity tests were performed on the isolated yeasts. The analyses showed no significant differences in the number of CFUs/m3 of air between the indoors and outdoors, but there are differences between the sampled interiors. The results indicate that the fungal load exceeds 1000 CFU/m³ in several areas, posing a risk to public health. High fungal diversity was observed. The most frequently isolated fungi were yeasts and species of Cladosporium, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Fusarium. The presence of Aspergillus fumigatus was determined in 5 of the interiors studied. It is concluded that the conditions of the Cali Zoo, due to its abundant vegetation and presence of organic matter, may favor the proliferation of fungi with pathogenic potential. Monitoring is recommended at least twice yearly to avoid health risks to animals and those caring for them.Item Uso de microorganismos beneficiosos que influyen en el metabolismo de la planta de Cannabis para potenciar su cultivo: Una revisión(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Torres Suarez, Deiby; Oñate Garzón, José Fernando (Director)Cannabis sativa L., a member of the Cannabacea family, is frequently used in treatments with broad health benefits and has impacted development and research related to the Cannabis sativa plant, focusing on the influence of rhizobacteria and mycorrhizal fungi on its metabolism. Articles published between 2017 and 2024 in scientific databases such as Scopus, PubMed, and ScienceDirect, among others, were analyzed, applying specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. The findings indicate that microbial inoculation improves nutrient absorption, resistance to stress from external factors, and the production of secondary metabolites or cannabinoids, reducing dependence on chemical fertilizers. These results highlight the potential of microorganisms as an alternative in Cannabis sativa crops, contributing to more ecological practices and the conservation of soil health.Item Revisión sistemática: Cannabis como uso medicinal para el dolor neuropático en pacientes con virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH)(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Álvarez Bohórquez, Daniela; González Vargas, Iván Andrés (Director)This systematic review investigated the development of the implementation of medicinal cannabis for therapeutic use in patients with neuropathic pain due to HIV. Currently, medicine in its continuous development has been interested in discovering and implementing alternative therapies for various degenerative conditions. For years there has been a debate in the field of science about medicinal cannabis in patients with neuropathic pain, which affects many people. Although there are various pharmacological options to treat it, such as opioids, they can have side effects and a long-term response. Recently, medicinal cannabis has emerged as a promising therapeutic alternative for this condition focused on patients with HIV – AIDS, a disease highly present in our country. In this systematic review, the efficacy and safety of medicinal cannabis in the treatment of neuropathic pain in patients with HIV was evaluated through the analysis of clinical trials and various studies. A search was carried out in databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Scielo, from 2015 to 2025. Most studies indicate that inhaled or sublingual cannabis significantly reduces neuropathic pain associated with HIV compared to placebo, some of these trials reported a reduction of pain by 30% to 50% in patients treated with medicinal cannabis.Item Comparación de prevalencia y análisis de factores asociados al contagio de hemoparásitos de caninos diagnosticados por PCR y pruebas serológicas en la ciudad de Santiago de Cali, Colombia(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Gómez Capote, Jhonnatan Andrés; Cabrera Barrios, María Fernanda; Lugo Vargas, Rodrigo (Director); Martínez Garay, Carlos Andrés (Director)An important issue is the transmission of haemoparasites in dogs, in addition to generating serious clinical signs and resulting in a great burden on the health of these animals, they have inconveniences in the diagnosis. To make the diagnosis there are several direct and indirect methods such as PCR and serological analysis. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the prevalence of Anaplasma spp, Ehrlichia spp, D. immitis and B. burgdorferi for the diagnostic methods SNAP 4Dx, PCR and the Ehrlichia / Anaplasma rapid test taken from 2 databases belonging to domestic canines from Santiago de Cali, in addition to identifying if factors such as age and sex are linked to the contagion of these hemoparasites. To carry out the present study we carried out the following steps; collection and classification of data, generation of the 2x2 table and calculation of statistical variables and the calculation of prevalence. As main results we obtained that the hemoparasites with the highest prevalence were E. canis and E. ewingii both with the diagnosis by PCR and by serological, another important result was that E. canis, E. ewingii and D. immitis had the highest prevalence in the older adult age group. While for A. phagocytophilum and A. platys this data was found in young adults. As main conclusions it was had that Factors such as sex do not have any significant relationship with the contagion of haemoparasites in dogs. Parasites such as E.canis and E.ewingii are the most prevalent in the city of Santiago de Cali, Colombia. Although the objective of the study was achieved, it is suggested for future research to expand the number of data from tests performed in order to obtain data with greater precision and accuracy.Item Evaluación de la actividad antimicrobiana de daptomicina asociada a nanopartículas de quitosano frente a Staphylococcus aureus(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Moncayo Chaves, Daniela; Bucheli Burgos, Linda Alexandra; Oñate Garzón, José Fernando (Director); Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director)Drug resistance is recognized as a global threat. Current methodologies fail to maintain adequate therapeutic concentrations, requiring higher doses and longer treatments, generating adverse effects. In this context, chitosan is a biopolymer that has emerged as a promising alternative for drug encapsulation because it has properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, mucoadhesiveness, antimicrobial activity and non-toxicity that make it suitable for use in the pharmaceutical sector. Daptomycin is a lipopeptide antibiotic used as a last resort to treat infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus, which range from skin conditions to serious diseases such as bacteremia and endocarditis. In this study, the synthesis, characterization and evaluation of the antimicrobial potential of chitosan nanoparticles loaded with daptomycin was carried out. To improve the efficacy of the antibiotic against S. aureus, the ionic gelation method was used with phytic acid as a cross-linking agent. This acid cross-links with the chitosan to encapsulate the daptomycin in chitosan nanoparticles, achieving an increase in the antimicrobial activity of the drug. The nanoparticles were characterized physicochemically, exhibiting a particle size of 453.9 ± 4.5 nm, Z potential of 29.4 ± 0.25 mV and a polydispersity index of 0.245 ± 0.03. The antimicrobial activity of the nanoparticles was evaluated against the S. aureus ATCC 25923 strain using the broth microdilution method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of daptomycin was 64 μg/ml, while with nanoparticle encapsulation it was reduced to 4 μg/ml. In turn, the free nanoparticles presented antimicrobial activity at a chitosan concentration of 187.5 µg/mL. This study confirms the potential of chitosan nanoparticles to improve the effectiveness of the treatment of S. aureus infections.Item Identificación de variantes genéticas en genes asociados a la respuesta inmune Th1 y th2 en un grupo de personas de la ciudad de Cali(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Velásquez Osorio, Daniel Alejandro; Velasco Tovar, Valeria; Matta Miramar, Andrés Jenuer (Director); Zambrano, Diana Carolina (Directora)Introduction: The study of diseases and their relationship with genetics is mostly focused on autoimmune pathologies and cancer, leaving aside the possible interactions that exist between genetic mutations and susceptibility to infections, this idea derives from how the presence of polymorphisms can affect the production of different proteins, within which cytokines can be found, which are responsible for mediating interactions that regulate the immune system, if it is possible to find a relationship between polymorphisms and how they affect the correct functioning of the immune response, an advance in epidemiological control will be achieved by making use of the genetic analysis of a population. Objective: To identify polymorphisms in genes that are expressed in cytokines that make up the Th1 and Th2 immune responses in the genomes of healthy people from the city of Cali. Methodology: In order to fulfill the stated objective this study will use information derived from the project “Intestinal microbiota associated with Helicobacter pylori and its relationship with variants in genes associated with the development of gastric cancer in healthy people from Valle del Cauca” in this case we have available the position and which are the polymorphisms found in the 23 pairs of chromosomes of 23 different healthy subjects, from these databases a selection will be made based on the location within the chromosomes of the most recurrent cytokines in the studies of the functioning of the Th1 and Th2 immune response; when selecting the proteins and their locus, the genes of the 23 individuals will be organized having as purpose to know the frequency of appearance, which is its presence in allelic and which polymorphism is in turn the effect of the presence of the polymorphisms on the cytokines will be evaluated. Results:We found 1342 mutations associated with key cytokines in 23 patients, determining that there are a total of 264 polymorphisms present in the participants, of these we obtained 17 polymorphisms and 4 of them with a protein change and only 1 with both a protein change and a high frequency to be representative. Conclusions: We were able to identify a polymorphism capable of causing protein changes of 264 polymorphisms studied, the polymorphism distinguished with a rs20541 can be translated into a change in the cytokine which refers to interlucin 13, generating an alteration in the reference nucleotide and a structural change of potential energy in interlucin 13.Item Determinación de la capacidad fermentativa en levaduras nativas de uvas negras en el Valle del Cauca(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2022) Guerrero Murillo, Yuliana Alexandra; Mateus Llanos, Jennifer Alejandra; Alzate Calderón, Paola Carolina (Directora); Vera Lizcano, Omaira (Directora)Isabella grape (Vitis labrusca) is a black grape variety grown in the municipality of La Unión (Valle del Cauca). This municipality is one of the largest producers of this type of grape in the region, for consumption in the family basket; this grape variety is one of the main sources of native yeasts, which could help positively in the fermentation process for winemaking. The main objective of this research was to isolate some yeast strains in black grapes, to standardize a red wine. Regarding the methodology used, the alcoholic fermentation process was evaluated in a spontaneous way, performing a re-fermentation process from a batch of wine. To achieve this, parameters such as pH, temperature, density, and alcohol percentage were analyzed. The results show that the Isabella de la Unión Valle grape can be used in the fermentation process and is suitable for obtaining wine, since it contains native yeasts suitable for carrying out an adequate fermentation process. In conclusion, it was determined that the microbial load is suitable to corroborate that, within the parameters, the alcoholic percentage is within what is indicated by Colombian regulations for commercial fruit wines, and, in addition, the sensory characteristics of the wine obtained are optimal and suitable for the production of this type of wine, mainly favoring the economy of the region.Item Aprovechamiento de los residuos sólidos obtenidos de la producción de cerveza: Bagazo de cebada(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2022) Marulanda Lopez, Sebastian Camilo; Alzate Calderón, Paola Carolina (Directora); Vera Lizcano, Omaira (Directora)The brewing industry generates a large amount of polluting waste, taking into account the high energy consumption, water consumption and atmospheric emissions; this leads to a great environmental impact. In the present work, the utilization of barley bagasse residue was used to reduce this impact. Initially, the barley (waste from the USC brewery) was collected, dried and finally the nutritional value of the dried bagasse was evaluated by means of a nutritional table analysis, to take advantage of the waste and determine whether it could be used in human food. To achieve the above, a drying process was initially carried out in a convection oven, evaluating different temperatures, and then milled to obtain a functional flour suitable for human consumption as a final product. Thanks to this work, it is concluded that it is possible to obtain a product with potential use in the field of human nutrition and leaves a precedent to help the circular economy of the waste generated in the USC brewery plant. This work is also a positive contribution to the reduction of the environmental impact that today is a global problem in many industries such as brewing.Item Caracterización genética y perfil de sensibilidad a metales pesados en aislados de Pseudomonas mendocina provenientes de una Planta de Tratamiento de Lixiviados(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2022) Burbano Verdugo, Laura Vanessa; Falco Restrepo, Aura Dayana (Directora); Aranaga Arias, Carlos Andrés (Director)Pseudomonas mendocina is a Gram-negative bacillus capable of growing in leachates, which are characterised by high loads of organic matter and contaminants that exert a selective pressure in favour of bacteria that possess antimicrobial resistance determinants, which makes them candidates to evaluate their bioremediation potential. Therefore, in this work, genetic characterisation including genotyping of P. mendocina isolates from a Leachate Treatment Plant was performed through PCR amplification of palindromic extragenic repeat sequences (rep-PCR). In addition, the presence of plasmid DNA and whether it was transferable by conjugation was determined and, finally, the heavy metal sensitivity profile was determined. Some isolates were shown to be genetically related, to carry conjugative plasmids and to grow at different metal concentrations. In conclusion, they are suggested as candidate bioremediators.Item Caracterización molecular de cepas de Escherichia coli extraintestinal (ExPEC) resistentes a cefalosporinas de tercera generación aisladas de centros hospitalarios en la ciudad de Cusco-Perú(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2022) Escandón Bonilla, Laura Isabel; Muñoz Delgado, Juan Diego; Correa Bermúdez, Adriana María del Socorro (Directora); Aguilar Ancori, Elsa Gladys (Directora)Escherichia coli (E. coli) is part of the gastrointestinal microbiota and is the cause of gastrointestinal and extraintestinal infections (ExPEC). Virulence factors (VF) allow differentiation of ExPEC when they contain at least two of the following genes: papA/papC/sfa/foc/afa/draBC/kpsMII/iutA. In Peru, E. coli is among the 5 most important bacteria and has resistance to cephalosporins associated with the presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) around 30% of cases. According to the above, the objective of the study was to characterize E.coli resistant to third-generation cephalosporins isolates such as ExPEC. For this, 77 isolates were analyzed using CHROMID® ESBL, a synergy test was done to confirm ESBL and PCR to identify VF. It was found that 75/77 isolates were ESBL producers and the virulence profiles were associated with the iutA, fyuA, fimH, kpsMTII, ompT genes. Only 22 of the isolates could be characterized as ExPEC.