Microbiología
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Item Caracterización de la resistencia antimicrobiana de bacterias aisladas del arrecife La Azufrada del Parque Nacional Natural Isla Gorgona(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-06-22) Garcia Torres, Luisa Maria; Ocampo Ibáñez, Iván Darío(Director)This research addresses the issue of antimicrobial resistance and the health status of the marine ecosystem in relation to the presence of resistant and multidrug-resistant bacteria. The main objective was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of bacteria isolated from the La Azufrada reef, located in the Gorgona Island National Natural Park. For this purpose, the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion susceptibility test methodology was employed. The results revealed the presence of resistant and multidrug- resistant bacteria, which are of interest to public health. It is concluded that the health of the marine ecosystem is being affected by various anthropogenic wastes, and that the bacteria found constitute a relevant indicator of the deterioration of the aquatic and marine ecosystem.Item Caracterización microbiana del compost elaborado con fibra de caña de azúcar como estrategia sostenible para el aprovechamiento de residuos agroindustriales: Una revisión sistemática.(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-06-24) Grueso,Rulaes, Diego fernando.; Restrepo,Garcia,yessenia .; Alexis Gafaro Montejo (Director)The sugarcane agroindustry in Colombia generates large amounts of by-products such as fiber, bagasse, and filter cake. Although these residues have high agricultural potential, they are often improperly managed, causing environmental impacts and leading to the loss of valuable nutrients. Composting emerges as a sustainable alternative to transform these lignocellulosic residues into organic amendments, where microbial activity plays a key role in determining process efficiency, maturity, and compost quality. This study aimed to identify the main microorganisms present in compost produced from sugarcane fiber through a systematic review of scientific literature published between 2014 and 2024. The search was conducted in databases such as Scopus, ScienceDirect, Redalyc, and Scielo, following PRISMA guidelines. From an initial set of 351 documents, 31 studies met the established inclusion and exclusion criteria and were analyzed in detail. Results indicate the predominant presence of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria, filamentous fungi of the genus Aspergillus, and actinobacteria capable of degrading cellulose and lignin, thus enhancing compost stability and maturity. Some studies also highlight the use of bioinoculants and molecular tools to optimize microbial activity, accelerate decomposition, and improve the final product’s quality. In conclusion, available information on microbial characterization of compost from sugarcane fiber remains fragmented, limiting the development of technical protocols applicable at a local scale. This review provides a scientific basis for future research and for implementing sustainable waste management strategies in the sugarcane sector.Item Caracterización de aislamientos de Enterobacterales productoras de β-lactamasasde espectro extendido y carbapenemasas en pollos de granja de diferentes municipios del Valle del Cauca-Colombia(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-06-09) Diosa Torres, Cristina; Correa Bermúdez, Adriana (Directora)In the livestock industry, antimicrobial use has been associated with the selection and dissemination of multidrug-resistant bacteria, representing a potential risk to public health. In this context, the aim of this study was to identify extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)- and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales in chickens from poultry farms located in different municipalities of Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Cloacal swabs were collected from breeder chickens from 11 poultry farms. Samples were cultured on chromID ESBL selective medium (BioMérieux, Marcy-l'Étoile, France), and the recovered isolates were subsequently subcultured on MacConkey agar supplemented with meropenem (4 µg/mL) (AV-LAB Microbiología S.A.S., Cali, Colombia). Bacterial identification was performed using biochemical tests and the API 20E system (BioMérieux, Marcy-l'Étoile, France). ESBL and carbapenemase production was confirmed using the double-disk synergy test and the modified carbapenem inactivation method (mCIM), respectively. A total of 91 samples were collected, of which 78 showed growth on chromID ESBL medium. Seventyone isolates corresponded to Escherichia coli (91.02%), four to Klebsiella spp. (5.13%), two to Enterobacter cloacae (2.56%), and one to Citrobacter freundii (1.28%). Overall, 91% of the isolates exhibited an ESBL-producing phenotype, whereas no carbapenemase-producing isolates were identified. The high proportion of ESBL-producing Enterobacterales identified in this study highlights the potential role of poultry production systems as reservoirs of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and reinforces the importance of strengthening antimicrobial resistance surveillance and control strategies under a One Health approach.Item Calidad microbiológica en ensaladas mediante la evaluación de indicadores microbiológicos y su relación con la inocuidad alimentaria: una revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-06-09) España Mambuscay, Kerly Daniela; Gafaro Montejo, Alexis (Director)Ready-to-eat (RTE) salads are minimally processed products that, despite their fresh and safe appearance, are in high demand and pose microbiological risks. This systematic review, conducted using the PRISMA methodology, analyzed the scientific evidence from the last decade (2015–2025) at a global level regarding the microbiological quality and prevalence of indicator and pathogenic microorganisms in salads in relation to food safety. A search of five databases identified 928 articles, of which 78 were fully assessed, and 40 met the inclusion criteria. The results reveal a critical prevalence of indicator microorganisms, with mesophilic aerobic and coliform counts exceeding regulatory limits in different geographical contexts. Furthermore, the presence of molds, protozoa, viruses, and high-impact pathogens such as Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and E. coli O157:H7 was documented, with the discovery of multidrug-resistant strains being particularly noteworthy. The main contamination factors identified include the use of untreated irrigation water and organic fertilizers, as well as deficiencies in the implementation of HACCP systems and Good Manufacturing Practices. It is concluded that the shift in consumption habits toward fresh produce represents a structural challenge for epidemiological surveillance systems. The current microbiological quality of ready-to-eat salads poses a risk to public health, justifying the need to strengthen regulatory frameworks and optimize disinfection processes throughout the supply, processing, storage, and handling chain.Item Producción y aplicaciones biotecnológicas de Spirulina platensis como suplemento alimenticio para poblaciones vulnerables. Revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-06-09) Echeverry Bedoya, Danna Gabriela; Gafaro Montejo, Alexis (Director)Nutritional deficiencies remain a major global public health concern, particularly among vulnerable populations with limited access to foods of high nutritional value. In response to the need for sustainable and accessible alternatives, Arthrospira platensis (commonly known as Spirulina platensis) has been recognized for its high protein content, micronutrient contribution, and the presence of bioactive compounds with health benefits; however, its incorporation into food security programs remains limited. Therefore, this systematic review, conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines, analyzed studies published between 2015 and 2025 that evaluated the production, biotechnological applications, and nutritional impact of S. platensis supplementation in vulnerable populations. The results demonstrate improvements in nutritional indicators and highlight its feasibility as a low-cost, highly bioavailable dietary supplement, as well as its potential to strengthen food security strategies. Nevertheless, gaps related to the standardization of production processes, cost assessment, and large-scale implementation were identified, which are key aspects for its sustained incorporation in real-world contexts.Item Presencia de Listeria spp. en alimentos listos para el consumo relacionados con operaciones de servicio en Latinoamérica: Revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-06-09) Rentería Tenorio, Alejandra; Gafaro Montejo, Alexis (Director)In Latin America, reports on the microbiological quality of ready-to-eat (RTE) foods are often limited, largely due to deficiencies in food safety control systems during production and distribution. Despite this, these products continue to be widely distributed in markets, as not all instances of contamination are identified. In this context, the objective of this review was to determine the presence of Listeria spp. in ready-to-eat foods related to service and processing operations in Latin America. To this end, a mapping and analysis of scientific literature published between 2015 and 2025 was conducted. After applying the established inclusion criteria, a final matrix of 56 scientific articles was obtained. The findings reveal a recurrent presence of Listeria monocytogenes with 89.3% of matches, due to its pathogenicity, which is of great interest. Meanwhile, the most commonly contaminated foods are attributed to cheeses, vegetables, cold cuts, and meats. In addition, risk factors that facilitate survival and genes associated with persistence mechanisms within industries were analyzed. Overall, this review highlights the challenges posed by the control of Listeria spp. in the food production chain in Latin America and underscores the need to strengthen microbiological surveillance strategies, in order to mitigate its impact on the food chain and ensure food safety.Item Efecto terapéutico de Lactobacillus spp. y sus metabolitos derivados sobre la Neoplasia Intraepitelial Cervical asociada al Virus del Papiloma Humano: Revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-06-09) Fernández Cifuentes, Diana Carolina; Martínez Garay, Carlos Andrés (Director); Ortíz Pineda, Pablo Andrés (Director)Cervical cancer (CC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide. It begins with premalignant lesions known as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), which can develop due to persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and vaginal dysbiosis. Conventional treatments are often invasive and can affect patients' physical well-being and fertility. In this context, the use of Lactobacillus spp. and/or its metabolites might act as a promising therapeutic strategy with few side effects. This systematic review, conducted using the PRISMA 2020 methodology, analyzed the scientific evidence published between 2015 and 2025 on the effect of different Lactobacillus species and their metabolites against cervical cancer cells and HPV. A search of four databases identified 677 articles, of which 189 were read in full and 23 met the inclusion criteria, corresponding to in-vitro and in-vivo experimental studies. The results showed that the most promising species were Lactobacillus crispatus, L. gasseri, L. jensenii, and L. casei, primarily due to the action of their bioactive metabolites, notably lactic acid, short-chain fatty acids, and hydrogen peroxide. These compounds exhibited cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects on cervical cancer cells, evidenced by decreased cell viability, inhibition of proliferation, induction of apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, several studies have demonstrated the downregulation of the HPV viral oncogenes E6 and E7, as well as the modulation of genes associated with the cell cycle and immunological pathways related to the antitumor response. Taken together, the analyzed evidence suggests that Lactobacillus spp. and its bioactive metabolites could constitute a complementary therapeutic strategy with potential for the prevention and control of HPV-associated cervical cancer progression.Item Aislamiento de hongos presentes en fertilizantes orgánicos y compost con capacidad de tolerancia a cadmio(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-06-09) Agudelo Castro, Durley Angélica; Mesa García, María Camila; Rojas Barreto, Julián Alonso (Director); Martínez Garay, Carlos Andrés (Director)Cadmium contamination poses a significant risk to agricultural systems and food security, which has prompted the search for biological alternatives for its mitigation. The present study aimed to evaluate the tolerance and accumulation capacity of cadmium in fungal morphotypes isolated from organic fertilizers and compost. Fifty-two isolates were analyzed by exposure to increasing concentrations of cadmium (50–900 mg/L) in solid medium, qualitatively evaluating mycelial growth. The results showed high variability in response to the metal, identifying a small group of strains with sustained growth up to 900 ppm. Subsequently, the strain with the highest tolerance was subjected to a test in liquid medium supplemented with 700 mg/L of cadmium, obtaining 4 g of dry biomass after seven days of incubation. Analysis by atomic absorption spectrophotometry determined an accumulation of 157.10 mg Cd/g of sample, confirming a high bioaccumulation capacity. These findings demonstrate that organic fertilizers are a relevant source of fungi with potential for mycoremediation processes and position the selected strain as an ideal candidate for the biological removal of cadmium from contaminated soils.Item Producción de enzimas de interés industrial mediante fermentación fúngica: una revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-06-06) Orozco Rojas, Natalia; Rojas Barreto, Julián Alonso (Director)Las celulasas, xilanasas, pectinasas, lipasas y amilasas son enzimas de interés industrial por su participación en procesos de hidrólisis, modificación de biomoléculas, clarificación, biopulido, desengrase y transformación de sustratos en sectores como alimentos, papel, textiles, detergentes y biorrefinerías. Su producción mediante fermentación fúngica se ha estudiado como alternativa biotecnológica frente a procesos convencionales con mayores costos y generación de subproductos contaminantes. En esta revisión sistemática se reunió y organizó información sobre la obtención de estas enzimas a partir de hongos mediante fermentación en estado sólido (SSF) y fermentación sumergida (SmF), con énfasis en microorganismos productores, residuos agroindustriales usados como sustratos, variables fisicoquímicas y resultados de actividad, rendimiento o productividad. Los estudios revisados reportan con mayor frecuencia los géneros Aspergillus, Trichoderma y Penicillium, asociados con secreción extracelular de enzimas y adaptación a matrices lignocelulósicas. La fermentación en estado sólido se relaciona con el aprovechamiento de residuos sólidos como cáscaras, bagazos, salvados y pulpas, mientras que la fermentación sumergida permite mayor control de pH, agitación, aireación y transferencia de masa. La comparación entre estudios muestra limitaciones recurrentes, especialmente heterogeneidad en unidades de medición, métodos de cuantificación y condiciones reportadas, lo que restringe la comparación directa entre procesos. La revisión identifica microorganismos, sustratos y condiciones de fermentación reportados en la producción fúngica de enzimas de interés industrial.Item Nanopartículas a base de plata (Ag) y cobre (Cu) para la inhibición de Staphylococcus aureus: Una revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-05-27) Gongora Miranda, Jensy Fabiana; Bermeo Acosta, Franklin (Director)In recent years, the rise in antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus aureus, particularly in methicillin-resistant strains (MRSA), has driven the development of nanotechnology-based therapeutic alternatives. This systematic review integrated studies published between 2019 and 2025 on silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and copper nanoparticles (CuNPs), analyzing their synthesis methods, physicochemical properties, antimicrobial mechanisms, and efficacy against S. aureus. The analyzed research demonstrated that AgNPs possess superior bactericidal activity, attributed to their greater release of Ag⁺ ions and the generation of reactive oxygen species. Similarly, CuNPs demonstrated significant effects in biofilm inhibition, bacterial virulence reduction, and alteration of membrane permeability, making them a more economical and accessible alternative. The findings revealed that factors such as size, chemical or green synthesis methodology, reducing agent, and surface properties directly influence antimicrobial effectiveness. Ag–Cu mixed formulations were also identified that enhanced bactericidal effects without increasing cytotoxicity. This review highlighted gaps in in vivo evaluation, standardization of characterization methods, and cytotoxicity analysis in advanced biological models. Taken together, the results support the notion that metallic nanomaterials represent a promising, sustainable, and effective therapeutic alternative against the growing antimicrobial resistance of S. aureus.Item Síntesis y evaluación de la actividad antibacteriana y antifúngica de nanopartículas de Ni0.5Co0.5Fe2O4 dopadas con iones de Pr3+ con potencial aplicación biomédica(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-06-05) Méndez Ducuara, Michael Samuel; Morales Morales, Jimmy Alexander (Director)In the present investigation,𝑁𝑖0.5𝐶𝑜0.5𝐹𝑒2𝑂4 nanoparticles doped with 𝑃𝑟3+ ions, were synthesized by the method of chemical coprecipitation assisted by acoustic cavitation in an ultrasonic bath for 60 minutes. The nanoparticles were characterized using various analytical techniques, including XRD, SEM, EDS, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy, to evaluate their structural and morphological properties. The nanoparticles were found to have crystallite sizes of 25.34 and 20.31 µm, respectively, and to form an inverse cubic spinel structure. SEM revealed agglomerated nanometer-sized particles, while EDS confirmed the elemental composition and the successful incorporation/doping of 𝑷𝒓𝟑+ ions into the synthesized structure. FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of metaloxygen (M-O) vibrational bands characteristic of tetrahedral and octahedral sites in the lattice. Raman spectroscopy demonstrated the five active modes characteristic of spinel ferrites, confirming their presence. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the synthesized nanoparticles was evaluated against Gram-positive and Gramnegative bacteria and fungi using the 96-well plate microdilution method. No antimicrobial activity was detected at the tested concentrations, which is associated with the possible aggregation of the nanoparticles and the high chemical stability of the synthesized material. In contrast, the antimicrobial activity tested using the contact technique on non-porous surfaces showed significant results, inhibiting the growth of all the microorganisms evaluated. This suggests a mechanism of action dependent on the direct interaction between the nanoparticle and microbial cells, as well as mechanisms associated with physicochemical processes and characteristics such as the generation of reactive oxygen species and alteration of the cell membrane.Item Evaluación comparativa de métodos de preservación de cepas bacterianas y fúngicas en ceparios: una revisión sistemática de su impacto en viabilidad, pureza y estabilidad(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-04-13) Oviedo Peña, Camila Andrea; Rojas Barreto, Julián Alonso (Director)The preservation of microorganisms is of great importance in laboratories because many are used in various processes. However, preservation processes result in the loss of phenotypic and genetic characteristics. Furthermore, there is a lack of information on standardized microbiological criteria for evaluating the efficiency of preservation techniques and the effect of cryoprotective agents and storage conditions on microbial viability. Therefore, this study aimed to compare, through a literature review of articles on the main techniques and microbiological criteria used in the preservation of bacterial and fungal strains, the most effective methods for maintaining their viability and genetic stability. Methods such as cryopreservation, lyophilization, storage under mineral oil, the Castellani method, and microencapsulation were analyzed. The results showed that cryopreservation and lyophilization were the most effective techniques for long-term preservation. It is worth noting that the choice of method depends on the type of microorganism and the laboratory's resources, highlighting the importance of establishing microbiological criteria that allow for the evaluation of the efficiency of preservation techniques and guarantee the viability and stability of the strains.Item Generación de bioelectricidad con Geobacter sulfurreducens en celdas de combustible microbianas: eficiencia y uso de aguas residuales: “Revisión sistemática”(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-05-28) Gallego Silva, Valentina; Illicachi Romero, Luis Alberto (Director)The growing demand for energy and the need to implement sustainable technologies have driven the study of biotechnological alternatives for generating energy from waste. In this context, microbial fuel cells (MFCs) represent a promising technology due to their ability to transform organic compounds present in wastewater into electrical energy through the metabolic activity of electroactive microorganisms. This study aimed to analyze the efficiency and potential use of Geobacter sulfurreducens in bioelectricity generation from wastewater through a systematic review of the scientific literature. A search and selection of studies published between 2005 and 2025 was conducted, following methodological guidelines for systematic reviews. The results showed that G. sulfurreducens has favorable physiological and metabolic characteristics for extracellular electron transfer, thanks to specialized structures such as conductive pili and cytochromes c, allowing for improved electrochemical performance of MFCs. Furthermore, factors such as the anode material, cell configuration, and operating conditions significantly influence the system's energy efficiency. Although MFCs exhibit limitations related to scalability and operating costs, their application represents a sustainable alternative for wastewater treatment and simultaneous bioelectricity production, demonstrating their potential within circular economy and waste utilization strategies.Item Resistencia antimicrobiana en bacterias aisladas de productos farmacéuticos: mecanismos, factores asociados y estrategias de control, revisión sistemática(2026-06-05) Banguero Mina, Mayra Alejandra; Matta Miramar, Andrés Jenuer (Director)This systematic review analyzed 36 scientific articles on antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolatedfrompharmaceutical products and raw materials. The results show that genera such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Acinetobacter baumannii are the most common in pharmaceutical manufacturing and distribution contexts, exhibiting high levels of resistance to β-lactams, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and, in critical cases, carbapenems and colistin. Relevant genes such as blaNDM, blaCTX-M, blaOXA, tetA, qnr, as well as integrons and mobile elements that favor horizontal transfer of resistancewereidentified. Contamination of effluents, wastewater, production equipment, and lack of good manufacturingpractices in developing countries pose a direct risk to public health. Under the One Health approach, it isproposed that contaminated pharmaceutical products can become reservoirs of resistance, requiringenhancedmicrobiological surveillance, stricter regulations, and global mitigation strategies.Item Evaluación del efecto de los controles de limpieza en la producción de Manito! y Ácidos Orgánicos durante el proceso de molienda del jugo de caña de azúcar en el Ingenio del Occidente(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-05-15) Cabezas Quiñones, Catalina; Olave Carabalí, Danna Manuela; Matta Miramar, Andrés Jenuer (Director)In Colombia, sugar cane has occupied an important place in the entire industrial sector of Valle del Cauca for years. Throughout the process, the grinding area plays a fundamental role in separating the solid part of the Saccharum officinarum (cane) plant from the liquid part, obtaining the first extraction of cane juice and diluted juice. During the grinding process, metabolites such as mannitol and organic acids are produced by microorganisms (bacteria, molds and yeasts) which are microbiological indicators. Although the presence of these metabolites in the mill area is inevitable, the aim is to keep their concentration low through cleaning scenarios to prevent microbial deterioration of the cane juice and at the same time evaluate its effectiveness through quantitative tests (HPLC). English”) that will be carried out at the Cenicaña research center and the lactic acid test at the quality laboratory in Ingenio del Occidente.Item Composición y estructura de comunidades microbianas asociadas a aguas contaminadas con hidrocarburos mediante un enfoque metagenómico(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025-12-04) Soto Rosales, Yabneel; Villanueva Villazón, Sarah Melissa; Duque Zapata, Juan Diego (Director)The contamination of aquatic ecosystems by hydrocarbons is a significant environmental problem that affects biodiversity and human health. The objective of this study was to determine the composition and structure of microbial communities associated with hydrocarbon-contaminated waters using a metagenomic approach. A total of 331 files from six countries in the MGnify repository of the 16S rRNA gene were analyzed; SILVA and Kraken2 were used for taxonomic classification and RStudio for diversity analysis. A total of 77 phyla, 551 families, and 1,387 bacterial genera were identified, with a predominance of Proteobacteria and Desulfobacterota, key taxa for pollutant degradation. Predominant families such as Colwelliaceae demonstrated bioremediation potential mediated by functional genes involved in the hydrocarbon degradation process. Likewise, uncultivable microorganisms and bacteria with pathogenic potential were detected. Metagenomics demonstrated its importance in understanding microbial ecological dynamics and its application in remediation strategies.Item Estrategias sostenibles para el control biológico de Fusarium spp.: Una revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-05-22) Melo Barona, Maria Camila ; Rojas Barreto, Julián Alonso (Director)The genus Fusarium spp. is a group of phytopathogenic fungi typically associated with vascular wilting that affects commercially important crops, which is why strategies for its control have been reported. In order to learn about advances in the control of this phytopathogen, a systematic review was conducted using the PRISMA methodology, which compiled the different strategies reported for biological control of Fusarium spp. species that affect crops such as bananas, wheat, tomatoes, corn, chickpeas, melons, and cucumbers. The methodology consisted of a comparative analysis of the reported mechanisms of action, including mycoparasitism, antibiosis, biological competition, and plant growth promotion. The results indicated the use of antagonistic microorganisms such as Trichoderma spp., Bacillus spp., Streptomyces spp., Pseudomonas spp., Diaporthe spp., native microbial consortia, metal nanoparticles, and bioformulations. These strategies significantly reduced the incidence of Fusarium spp. diseases, improved crop productivity, and decreased dependence on agrochemicals. It should be noted that the implementation of biological control based on microorganisms and nanoparticles represents a sustainable and economically viable alternative for the control of Fusarium spp. with positive environmental impacts on agriculture.Item Evaluación de la actividad antimicrobiana de péptidos obtenidos a partir de la hidrolisis enzimática de la albumina(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-04-29) Buitrago Carabali, Maria Jose; Méndez Lopez, Angie Melissa; Oñate Garzón, Jose Fernando (Director)Growing antimicrobial resistance, exacerbated by inappropriate antibiotic use, poses a serious threat to global public health, with millions of infections and thousands of deaths annually attributable to resistant bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. In this context, bioactive peptides derived from the hydrolysis of proteins such as albumin emerge as promising therapeutic alternatives, thanks to their antimicrobial properties and low propensity to induce resistance. This study proposes to investigate the antimicrobial activity of peptides obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of albumin with Staphylococcal V8 protease, exploring their potential as antimicrobial agents. By optimizing natural processes such as enzymatic hydrolysis, we seek not only to contribute to the fight against antimicrobial resistance, but also to promote sustainable and economical practices in the production of new antimicrobial agents.Item Análisis químico in situ de pruebas forenses mediante espectrometría de masas portátil(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026) Belalcázar Castro, Nathaly; Ocampo Changuendo, Dennis Mauricio (Director)El análisis químico de evidencias forenses directamente en la escena del crimen es un aspecto importante para la toma de decisiones rápidas, la disminución en la preparación de las muestras y la manipulación en la cadena de custodia. La espectrometría de masas portátil ha surgido como una técnica analítica innovadora que permite realizar análisis químicos in situ, reduciendo los tiempos de análisis y de respuesta, la dependencia de laboratorios y del uso de equipos robustos. El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática fue analizar los avances tecnológicos, los beneficios y limitaciones del uso de la espectrometría de masas portátil en el análisis químico de evidencias forenses en campo. La revisión sistemática se realizó mediante la búsqueda de literatura científica publicada entre el año 2015 y 2026 en las bases de datos Scopus y ScienceDirect. Se aplicaron criterios de inclusión y exclusión previamente definidos, lo que permitió seleccionar un total de 19 estudios relevantes. De cada artículo se extrajo información relacionada con la técnica de espectrometría de masas portátil empleada, que el tipo de evidencia forense analizada, el tipo de ionización, los analitos detectados, los principales resultados, las limitaciones y/o sesgos reportados. Los estudios analizados demuestran que la espectrometría de masas portátil ha sido utilizada exitosamente para la detección de drogas de abuso, explosivos, residuos de disparo, compuestos orgánicos volátiles (COVs) y otras sustancias de interés forense, mostrando tiempos de análisis cortos y buena sensibilidad del equipo para aplicaciones directamente en la escena del crimen. Sin embargo, también se identificaron limitaciones técnicas y metodológicas, relacionadas con que los resultados obtenidos son en su mayoría cualitativos y no cuantitativos, también relacionados con el tipo de analitos detectados siendo estos compuestos muy comunes. En conclusión, la espectrometría de masas portátil resulta ser una herramienta prometedora e innovadora para el análisis forense en campo con potencial como técnica complementaria a los métodos analíticos convencionales.Item Avances en las estrategias producción de probióticos para la industria agrícola: Una revisión de alcance(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-04-16) Jaimes Ramirez, Mateo; González Vargas, Iván Andrés (Director); Corredor Saenz, Viviana (Directora)This paper highlights that probiotic production strategies generate viable biomass, product stability, and scalability, in addition to promoting efficient nutrient use and reducing chemical inputs. However, there are no clear standards for testing the efficacy of microbial biofertilizers, strain identity, purity, and viable count. The objective is to organize and classify production strategies by production method and medium formulation. This review was based on the PRISMA-ScR guideline and searches in ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web Of Science (2020–2025). The search found 3,681 records, of which 77 met the criteria established for further reading. The results showed a predominance of techniques such as liquid/submerged fermentation and solid-state fermentation, with microbial genera such as Bacillus and Trichoderma being the most frequent, and consortia mainly including 2–3 strains. With comparable pH, DO (dissolved oxygen), and kLa conditions between flask and reactor, batches of 5–3000 L were scaled up with 10^8–10^9 CFU/mL and 10^8–10^9 spores/g. The media are optimized by substitution or supplementation, and post-formulation viability is preserved with carriers and encapsulation, reaching 10^8–10^9 CFU/g and 90–270 days of shelf life. In general, efficient production requires an appropriate method, economical media, precise control of pH/DO/kLa, and scaling that preserves similar agitation and aeration.