Microbiología
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Item Estrategias de manejo y sostenibilidad para mitigar la podredumbre roja en la caña de azúcar (Saccharum officinarum) causada por el hongo Colletotrichum falcatum: Revisión sistemática.(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-09-15) Valencia Marmolejo; Ana Sofia; Valencia Marmolejo; Ana SofiaSugarcane red rot, caused by Colletotrichum falcatum Went, is an important disease because of its effects on yield, juice quality, and sugar recovery. Its development is associated with infected planting material, crop residues, pathogen survival, and environmental conditions that favor infection and dissemination. Historically, management has relied on resistant varieties, healthy planting material, and phytosanitary practices; however, pathogen variability and the breakdown of resistance have increased interest in sustainable alternatives. This systematic review aimed to identify and compare sustainable strategies for managing C. falcatum, analyze agronomic practices used to control the disease, and synthesize evidence on their effectiveness. Searches were conducted in ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and MDPI for studies published between 2015 and 2025 in Spanish and English, following the PRISMA selection process. A total of 183 records were identified, 57 duplicates were removed, and 29 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis after screening and eligibility assessment. Biological control agents, particularly Trichoderma, Bacillus, and Pseudomonas, were the most frequently represented strategies. Among quantitatively comparable results, mustard biofumigation achieved 100% inhibition, followed by Chaetomium globosum CGSR13 (95.32%), Pseudomonas chlororaphis SRP19 (92.56%), rhamnolipids produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa DS9 (86.60%), and Trichoderma harzianum (85.50%). The most recurrent agricultural practices were varietal resistance, healthy planting material, sanitation, and phytosanitary surveillance. Overall, the evidence supports an integrated approach combining varietal resistance, agronomic practices, and biocontrol agents, although additional field and commercial-scale validation is required.Item Prevalencia y control de Listeria monocytogenes en embutidos y productos carnicos listos para el consumo (RTE)(Maria Jose Sanchez Rivera, 2026-06-24) Sanchez Rivera; Maria Jose ; Sanchez Rivera; Maria JoseListeria monocytogenes is a very important bacterium in food safety due to its high mortality rate and its ability to survive in industrial environments and grow at refrigeration temperatures. Within this context, sausages and ready-to-eat (RTE) meat products play an important role in food safety. These foods act as direct transmission vehicles since they are consumed without prior heat treatment that could eliminate the pathogen. This review aimed to analyze the prevalence and control strategies of L. monocytogenes in sausages and RTE meat products, emphasizing its microbiological characteristics, virulence factors, and its impact on public health, based on the review of scientific articles published between 2015 and 2025. The data analysis showed a high variability in prevalence worldwide. Values ranged from a minimum of 0.3% in environments with strict sanitary surveillance to peaks of 44.77% in situations associated with specific outbreaks, being higher in products subjected to post-process handling. According to the reviewed studies, the ability to form biofilms was identified as a key factor in the persistence of the microorganism in processing plants, promoting its resistance to disinfectants and cross-contamination. Regarding environmental conditions, it was determined that L. monocytogenes can survive and grow at refrigeration temperatures, while freezing does not guarantee its elimination, increasing the risk during storage. In addition, factors such as breaks in the cold chain and deficiencies in hygienic practices contribute to its proliferation. On the other hand, control measures showed that no single strategy is completely effective, making it necessary to implement a multiple-hurdle approach that includes physical, chemical, and biological treatments, along with the application of good manufacturing practices and environmental monitoring programs. Finally, the reviewed studies showed the relationship between the presence of the pathogen and the occurrence of listeriosis outbreaks, highlighting its impact on public health, especially in vulnerable populations. In conclusion, L. monocytogenes continues to be a challenge in the RTE food industry, therefore integrated control strategies and proper risk management are required to ensure food safety.Item Potencial de Trametes Versicolor y sus sistemas enzimáticos ligninolíticos en la biodegradación de colorantes sintéticos en sistemas acuáticos del sector textil: una revisión sistemática de la literatura.(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-07-23) Mariana López López; Paul Andrés Ospina Caviedes; López López; Mariana Ospina Caviedes; Paul AndrésItem Revisión sistemática sobre la prevalencia, métodos de detección y estrategias de control de Norovirus en alimentos listos para el consumo humano(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-09-11) Vanegas Rayo; Laura Fernanda; Vanegas Rayo; Laura FernandaThis study addressed the issue of human norovirus (NoV) as the primary causative agent of outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis linked to the consumption of ready-to-eat foods (RTE), which present unique challenges due to their low infectious dose and high environmental persistence. The study aimed to analyze the prevalence, advances in molecular detection methods, and control strategies for this pathogen in the food chain. To this end, a systematic review methodology was employed, based on the synthesis and critical analysis of 32 high-impact bibliographic sources from indexed databases. The results showed that NoV transmission was closely linked to cross contamination by food handlers and the internalization of the virus in vegetable and mollusk tissues, which limited the effectiveness of surface washing. Regarding diagnosis, a technological transition was identified from conventional RT-qPCR to digital PCR (dPCR), which demonstrated greater resilience against inhibitors present in complex food matrices. It was concluded that traditional control strategies, such as the purification of bivalves and the use of alcohol-based disinfectants, proved insufficient for viral inactivation. Consequently, it was established that the safety of shellfish depends on prevention at the source and the implementation of detection technologies with absolute quantification to strengthen public health surveillance.Item Ocurrencia y Resistencia Antifúngica de Especies de Candida en Ambientes Acuáticos: Una Revisión Sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-07-28) Ante Hurtado,Anderson Steven; Caicedo Bejarano, Luz Dary(Directora); Murillo Solano; Claribel(Codirectora)Antifungal resistance in Candida species has become an emerging public health concern, particularly in relation to their presence in aquatic environments. This study examines the occurrence and antifungal resistance profiles of Candida species in these settings through a systematic review of the scientific literature. The methodology followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines, with a comprehensive search conducted across databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Studies reporting the isolation of Candida in aquatic environments and the assessment of antifungal resistance were included, resulting in a final selection of 19 articles for qualitative analysis. The findings show a wide distribution of Candida species across various aquatic environments, with a predominance of non-albicans species such as Candida tropicalis and Candida parapsilosis. Elevated levels of antifungal resistance were observed, particularly against azoles including fluconazole and itraconazole. Key contributing factors include wastewater contamination, antifungal use in agriculture, and biofilm formation, all of which may facilitate the spread of resistance. Overall, these results indicate that aquatic environments act as important reservoirs of antifungal resistant Candida species, posing a potential risk to public health. Strengthening environmental surveillance and implementing integrated strategies under the One Health framework are therefore essential to limit the spread of resistant strains.Item Criterios microbiológicos para la evaluación de proveedores de leche cruda o pasteurizada en la industria productora de helado(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-05-05) Ramírez Barandica, Brenda Yohana; Daza Rivera, Carlos Frisherald(Director)The microbiological safety of ice cream depends directly on the sanitary quality of raw or pasteurized milk used as a primary ingredient, making the microbiological evaluation of suppliers a critical component of health risk management. The objective of this study was to analyze the scientific and regulatory evidence related to microbiological criteria applicable to the evaluation of milk suppliers in the ice cream production industry. A review of scientific literature and regulatory framework published between 2018 and 2025 was conducted, using recognized academic databases and selection criteria focused on studies with microbiological and sanitary relevance. The selected articles were subjected to a structured process of identification, screening, and eligibility assessment. The results revealed the recurring presence of microorganisms of public health importance, particularly Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, and hygiene indicator bacteria. Additionally, heterogeneity was identified in the application of microbiological criteria across different regulatory frameworks. It was concluded that microbiological criteria are fundamental tools for the comparison and verification of suppliers. As an applied contribution derived from this work, a microbiological checklist tool was proposed to strengthen sanitary evaluation programs during the reception of milk intended for ice cream production.Item Evaluación de la Actividad Antimicrobiana de Desinfectantes en Áreas Asépticas de una Planta Farmacéutica.(Universidad Santiago de Cali., 2026-05-26) Aponzá Cambindo, Ángela María; Matta Miramar, Andrés Jenuer(Director); Fernández Daza, Fabian Felipe(Director)Surface cleaning and disinfection in the pharmaceutical industry is an essential strategy for controlling microbiological contamination and maintaining appropriate conditions in manufacturing and laboratory areas. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of the disinfectants AirMAX, AirPLUS, Klorkleen, and ethyl alcohol, as used in a Colombian pharmaceutical plant. To this end, the dilution-neutralization method was applied against reference strains and environmental isolates, following criteria established in applicable technical standards. Subsequently, a challenge test was conducted on representative surface coupons over a 10-day monitoring period. The results established the following as effective conditions: AirMAX at 50%, AirPLUS at 80%, Klorkleen at 1000 ppm, and ethyl alcohol at 70% with 20 minutes of contact time. In the surface evaluation, all disinfectants maintained microbiological compliance. These findings support their use under the evaluated conditions.Item Evaluación de la implementación de buenas prácticas de manufactura en la producción de zumo de limón en la empresa Productos alimenticios Carrusel ubicada en la ciudad de Cali, Valle del Cauca.(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-06-24) Fonseca Piedrahita, Nicole; Serna Muñoz, Valentina Isabel; Rivera Sanchez, Sandra Patricia(Directora)Good manufacturing practices (GMP) are a set of principles that are implemented in the food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, agronomis, etc. industry in order to guarantee quality control throughout the production chain, from manufacturing to distribution. The company Productos Alimenticios Carrusel located in the municipality of Santiago de Cali, in Valle del Cauca, aims at customer satisfaction and that its products are at the forefront with the highest quality standards, however, when carrying out this investigation by means of an audit-type diagnosis, in which the main objective was to verify compliance with good manufacturing practices guided by resolution 2374 of 2013, in its production process of lemon juice, in the audit a result of 79.3% was obtained, complying with a part Of the established requirements, but showing failures that in the long term generate a deterioration in the company and in the production processes, managing to show that the main shortcomings are in the state of the infrastructure and the space they have in their production plant, because they are failures that had been presented but when seen daily they were normalized, thus generating a breaking point in the quality of their product, which weakens their implementation of a quality system, in the same way, through the services of the external laboratory of the University of Santiago de Cali, Evaluated the microbiological quality of the lemon juice production process, in which it was evident that the counts were within the limits, however, growth of fungi and yeasts was observed in the raw material and the product in process. According to the above, an action plan is created in which the shortcomings found and the correction of these non-conformities in the company "Carousel Food Products" are presented in order to highlight and improve their workplace and their production processes, in addition to the quality of the product they offer to their consumers.Item Actividad antibacteriana de extractos de semilla de hinojo (Foeniculum vulgare) obtenidos mediante extracción asistida por ultrasonido(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-06-23) Caro Alvarez, Santiago; Morales Morales, Jimmy Alexander(Director)Foeniculum vulgare is a plant species recognized for the presence of secondary metabolites with potential biological activity. In the present study, the antibacterial behavior of the ethanolic extract obtained from F. vulgare seeds through ultrasound-assisted extraction was evaluated using broth microdilution and a complementary surface contact assay. The tests were performed against clinically relevant bacterial strains, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The results obtained through the broth microdilution method did not allow the determination of a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against the evaluated strains under the experimental conditions used. However, the surface contact assay showed an inhibitory effect on bacterial growth in S. aureus and E. coli, as well as a partial reduction in the growth of K. pneumoniae, suggesting a behavior dependent on the evaluation method employed. Preliminary phytochemical characterization confirmed the presence of secondary metabolites such as tannins, phenolic compounds, diterpenes, and phytosterols in the evaluated ethanolic extract. The obtained results suggest that the physicochemical characteristics of some metabolites present in the extract could influence their behavior under different experimental systems, particularly in liquid-phase methodologies. Overall, the findings provide information regarding the antibacterial behavior of the ethanolic extract of F. vulgare and highlight the importance of employing complementary methodological approaches in the microbiological evaluation of plant-derived bioactive compounds.Item Presencia y propagación del gen mcr-1 en bacterias Gramnegativas desde el enfoque One Health: una revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-06-26) Avila Zambrano, Lesly Tatiana; Aranaga Arias, Carlos Andrés(Director); Martínez Garay, Carlos Andrés(Director)Antimicrobial resistance is a growing threat to global public health, especially due to the emergence of resistance mechanisms to last-line antibiotics such as colistin. The plasmid-mediated mcr-1 gene has been identified as a key determinant in the spread of resistance in Gram-negative bacteria, with clinical, veterinary and environmental implications . The objective of this study was to analyze the available evidence on the presence and dissemination of the mcr-1 gene in Latin America, through a systematic review of the scientific literature. A search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, SciELO and LILACS databases, including studies published between 2015 and 2025 that reported the detection of the gene in Gram-negative bacteria. Seven studies were selected for qualitative analysis. The results showed a heterogeneous distribution of the gene in the region, with a predominance in Escherichia coli and frequent association with IncI2 and IncX4 plasmids. Its presence was identified in human and animal samples, while studies in environmental matrices were limited. These findings highlight the importance of mobile genetic elements in the spread of colistin resistance and show the need to strengthen surveillance under a One Health approach. However, the limited number of studies and methodological heterogeneity restrict the generalizability of the results. In conclusion, it is necessary to expand research in the region, especially in the environmental component, as well as to standardize detection methods to improve the understanding of the dynamics of mcr-1 gene dissemination.Item Filmes eco-amigables de almidón reforzado con nanopartículas de Cu aplicados en la inhibición del crecimiento bacteriano.(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-06-12) Cuervo Estupiñan, Valeria; Mina Posu,Santiago; Chamorro Rengifo, Andrés Felipe(Director); Palencia Luna, Sixta(Directora)Antimicrobial resistance represents a global crisis of great impact that threatens public health. In response to this issue, nanotechnology has emerged as an innovative and sustainable alternative, with metallic nanoparticles standing out due to their antimicrobial and wound-healing properties. The present study evaluated the green synthesis of copper metallic nanoparticles (CuNps) using lemon peel extract, followed by their incorporation into starch-based films. The formation of CuNps was confirmed by UV-Vis and DLS, obtaining a band at 229 nm and an average size of 197 nm. FTIR analysis revealed the presence of functional groups in both the CuNps and the polymeric material. The films exhibited adequate structural integrity and hydrophilic behavior, evaluated through swelling, solubility, and contact angle tests. In antimicrobial assays, inhibition zones ranging from 1.35 to 2.05 cm were recorded against both antibiotic-resistant and susceptible bacteria. The films exhibited physical and antimicrobial properties that support their use as wound dressings.Item Análisis del crecimiento radial y producción de conidios de hongos filamentosos expuestos a diferentes longitudes de onda de luz.(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-07-23) Garcia Vanegas, Maria Camila; González Vargas, Iván Andrés(Director); Corredor Sáenz, Viviana Catalina(Directora)Fungal photobiology studies how fungi perceive and respond to light as an environmental signal. This study evaluated the effect of four wavelengths—blue (462 nm), green (518 nm), red (631 nm), and white (455 nm)—on 14 filamentous fungal isolates from the genera Aspergillus spp., Trichoderma spp., and Penicillium spp., with the aim of determining how each wavelength influences radial growth, conidia production, and catalase enzyme activity under a 12-hour light/dark photoperiod. Growth was measured on PDA medium, while conidia production and catalase enzyme activity were evaluated on PDB medium. Twelve of the 14 isolates showed significant differences in radial growth (wavelength effect F(4,206) = 10.74; p < 0.0001; isolate effect F(13,206) = 71.68; p < 0.0001). White light was the wavelength with the greatest effect on growth (p = 0.0098 vs. control), followed by blue light. The greatest increase was recorded in isolate TH24 (Trichoderma spp.) under red light, which went from 2.60 cm in darkness to 6.94 cm (an increase of approximately 167%), while TH25 responded significantly to all four wavelengths. In conidia production, no treatment reached statistical significance compared to the control (p > 0.05). However, green light (p=0.0639) and white light (p=0.0920) were close to the threshold, with the greatest increase observed under white light in isolate 39-39 (Aspergillus spp.). In contrast, red and green lights showed more variable effects and, in some cases, neutral or inhibitory effects on the analyzed parameters. Catalase activity showed significant differences according to wavelength (F(4,206) = 85.64; p<0.0001): blue and white light increased enzyme activity compared to the control (p<0.0001 in both cases). The highest value in the entire experiment was recorded in isolate 9I10 (Aspergillus spp.) under white light, with an increase of approximately 9.5 times compared to its control in darkness, suggesting an increase in the response mechanisms to oxidative stress. These differences among the fungal isolates suggest taxonomically distinct antioxidant responses. It is concluded that the spectral quality of light significantly influences radial growth, conidia production, and catalase activity in the studied filamentous fungi, highlighting the potential of blue and white wavelengths as tools for modulating processes of biotechnological interest and understanding the mechanisms associated with fungal photobiology.Item “Revisión sistemática sobre la producción de proteína unicelular a partir de residuos agroindustriales como alternativa sostenible para la alimentación humana”(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-06-18) Meneses Sotelo, Dasly Mariley; Martinez Garay, Carlos Andrés(Director)The research conducted a systematic review of single-cell protein production from agro-industrial waste as a sustainable alternative for human consumption. It analyzed microorganisms with the greatest biosynthetic potential, the most efficient substrates, and the fermentation conditions that optimize microbial biomass generation. The methodology was based on the PRISMA, using specialized scientific databases to ensure the quality of the analysis. The results showed that bacteria, yeasts, and fungi have a high capacity to transform organic waste into proteins of excellent nutritional value; they also contribute to reducing the environmental impact associated with waste disposal. It was concluded that these bioprocesses represent a viable biotechnological plan for utilizing agro-industrial by-products and strengthening food security through efficient and ecological sustainability.Item Multirresistencia bacteriana y reservorios zoonóticos de interés agroindustrial y de salud pública: revisión sistemática.(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-06-24) Buesaquillo Cuero, Jhon Alverson; Darwich Cedeño, Mohamed Toufic(Director)Multidrug-resistant bacteria have ceased to be solely a hospital problem, becoming a large-scale global phenomenon affecting animals, the environment, and humans. This systematic research focuses on analyzing how zoonotic reservoirs interact within the agro-industrial sector and their role in the proliferation of critical genes, especially genes like mcr-1. For this reason, a systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines, analyzing high-impact scientific documents on the existence of multidrug-resistant bacteria in different ecological niches. After analyzing the evidence, Escherichia coli was identified as the primary driver of resistance spread, reaching prevalence levels of 100% in swine and poultry environments. A particularly concerning finding is the stability of the mcr-1 gene within plasmids such as IncI2 and IncX4; their low biological cost allows resistance to persist even after colistin use ceases. Furthermore, the data revealed that transmission is not linear but bidirectional, with infected wastewater potentially colonizing remote ecosystems and harming wildlife. Finally, the fight against antimicrobial resistance cannot be limited to simply banning drugs; it must also require biological containment plans and direct involvement in natural reservoirs. This research highlights that integrated epidemiological monitoring under the One HItem Evaluación del uso de las levaduras no-Saccharomyces Hanseniaspora uvarum y Starmerella bacillaris en la fermentación alcohólica del vino: una revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-06-10) Figueroa Hernandez, Liz Andrea; Martinez Garay, Carlos Andres(Director)This systematic review evaluates the contribution of Hanseniaspora uvarum and Starmerella bacillaris as non-Saccharomyces yeasts capable of increasing fruit esters and glycerol and modulating volatile acidity and alcohol content through co-inoculation or sequential inoculation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The review proposes standardized criteria and common metrics, such as odorant activity and mannoprotein fractions, to categorize the chemical and sensory effects and inform process design according to the oenological objective. A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines, with a research question structured using the PICO approach. Searches were performed in Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science, and the search strategies focused on H. uvarum and S. bacillaris in wine fermentation. The selection process proceeded in two phases: deduplication and screening using Rayyan, followed by full-text reading. Clear inclusion and exclusion criteria were established, and data on design, intervention, fermentation conditions, and outcomes were extracted for a narrative synthesis with comparative tables. The selection culminated in forty studies and convergent evidence that H. uvarum and S. bacillaris reduce alcohol, increase glycerol, moderate volatile acidity, and enhance aroma by increasing esters and terpenes, with additional benefits in colloidal stability and color. The effects are design-dependent, and sequential protocols with 24- to 48-hour windows predominate. S. bacillaris is more consistent in lowering alcohol and increasing glycerol, while H. uvarum excels in aromatic complexity, always with fine control of nutrients and inoculum proportions.Item Caracterización de la resistencia antimicrobiana de bacterias aisladas del arrecife La Azufrada del Parque Nacional Natural Isla Gorgona(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-06-22) Garcia Torres, Luisa Maria; Ocampo Ibáñez, Iván Darío(Director)This research addresses the issue of antimicrobial resistance and the health status of the marine ecosystem in relation to the presence of resistant and multidrug-resistant bacteria. The main objective was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of bacteria isolated from the La Azufrada reef, located in the Gorgona Island National Natural Park. For this purpose, the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion susceptibility test methodology was employed. The results revealed the presence of resistant and multidrug- resistant bacteria, which are of interest to public health. It is concluded that the health of the marine ecosystem is being affected by various anthropogenic wastes, and that the bacteria found constitute a relevant indicator of the deterioration of the aquatic and marine ecosystem.Item Caracterización microbiana del compost elaborado con fibra de caña de azúcar como estrategia sostenible para el aprovechamiento de residuos agroindustriales: Una revisión sistemática.(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-06-24) Grueso,Rulaes, Diego fernando.; Restrepo,Garcia,yessenia .; Alexis Gafaro Montejo (Director)The sugarcane agroindustry in Colombia generates large amounts of by-products such as fiber, bagasse, and filter cake. Although these residues have high agricultural potential, they are often improperly managed, causing environmental impacts and leading to the loss of valuable nutrients. Composting emerges as a sustainable alternative to transform these lignocellulosic residues into organic amendments, where microbial activity plays a key role in determining process efficiency, maturity, and compost quality. This study aimed to identify the main microorganisms present in compost produced from sugarcane fiber through a systematic review of scientific literature published between 2014 and 2024. The search was conducted in databases such as Scopus, ScienceDirect, Redalyc, and Scielo, following PRISMA guidelines. From an initial set of 351 documents, 31 studies met the established inclusion and exclusion criteria and were analyzed in detail. Results indicate the predominant presence of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria, filamentous fungi of the genus Aspergillus, and actinobacteria capable of degrading cellulose and lignin, thus enhancing compost stability and maturity. Some studies also highlight the use of bioinoculants and molecular tools to optimize microbial activity, accelerate decomposition, and improve the final product’s quality. In conclusion, available information on microbial characterization of compost from sugarcane fiber remains fragmented, limiting the development of technical protocols applicable at a local scale. This review provides a scientific basis for future research and for implementing sustainable waste management strategies in the sugarcane sector.Item Caracterización de aislamientos de Enterobacterales productoras de β-lactamasasde espectro extendido y carbapenemasas en pollos de granja de diferentes municipios del Valle del Cauca-Colombia(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-06-09) Diosa Torres, Cristina; Correa Bermúdez, Adriana (Directora)In the livestock industry, antimicrobial use has been associated with the selection and dissemination of multidrug-resistant bacteria, representing a potential risk to public health. In this context, the aim of this study was to identify extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)- and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales in chickens from poultry farms located in different municipalities of Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Cloacal swabs were collected from breeder chickens from 11 poultry farms. Samples were cultured on chromID ESBL selective medium (BioMérieux, Marcy-l'Étoile, France), and the recovered isolates were subsequently subcultured on MacConkey agar supplemented with meropenem (4 µg/mL) (AV-LAB Microbiología S.A.S., Cali, Colombia). Bacterial identification was performed using biochemical tests and the API 20E system (BioMérieux, Marcy-l'Étoile, France). ESBL and carbapenemase production was confirmed using the double-disk synergy test and the modified carbapenem inactivation method (mCIM), respectively. A total of 91 samples were collected, of which 78 showed growth on chromID ESBL medium. Seventyone isolates corresponded to Escherichia coli (91.02%), four to Klebsiella spp. (5.13%), two to Enterobacter cloacae (2.56%), and one to Citrobacter freundii (1.28%). Overall, 91% of the isolates exhibited an ESBL-producing phenotype, whereas no carbapenemase-producing isolates were identified. The high proportion of ESBL-producing Enterobacterales identified in this study highlights the potential role of poultry production systems as reservoirs of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and reinforces the importance of strengthening antimicrobial resistance surveillance and control strategies under a One Health approach.Item Calidad microbiológica en ensaladas mediante la evaluación de indicadores microbiológicos y su relación con la inocuidad alimentaria: una revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-06-09) España Mambuscay, Kerly Daniela; Gafaro Montejo, Alexis (Director)Ready-to-eat (RTE) salads are minimally processed products that, despite their fresh and safe appearance, are in high demand and pose microbiological risks. This systematic review, conducted using the PRISMA methodology, analyzed the scientific evidence from the last decade (2015–2025) at a global level regarding the microbiological quality and prevalence of indicator and pathogenic microorganisms in salads in relation to food safety. A search of five databases identified 928 articles, of which 78 were fully assessed, and 40 met the inclusion criteria. The results reveal a critical prevalence of indicator microorganisms, with mesophilic aerobic and coliform counts exceeding regulatory limits in different geographical contexts. Furthermore, the presence of molds, protozoa, viruses, and high-impact pathogens such as Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and E. coli O157:H7 was documented, with the discovery of multidrug-resistant strains being particularly noteworthy. The main contamination factors identified include the use of untreated irrigation water and organic fertilizers, as well as deficiencies in the implementation of HACCP systems and Good Manufacturing Practices. It is concluded that the shift in consumption habits toward fresh produce represents a structural challenge for epidemiological surveillance systems. The current microbiological quality of ready-to-eat salads poses a risk to public health, justifying the need to strengthen regulatory frameworks and optimize disinfection processes throughout the supply, processing, storage, and handling chain.Item Producción y aplicaciones biotecnológicas de Spirulina platensis como suplemento alimenticio para poblaciones vulnerables. Revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-06-09) Echeverry Bedoya, Danna Gabriela; Gafaro Montejo, Alexis (Director)Nutritional deficiencies remain a major global public health concern, particularly among vulnerable populations with limited access to foods of high nutritional value. In response to the need for sustainable and accessible alternatives, Arthrospira platensis (commonly known as Spirulina platensis) has been recognized for its high protein content, micronutrient contribution, and the presence of bioactive compounds with health benefits; however, its incorporation into food security programs remains limited. Therefore, this systematic review, conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines, analyzed studies published between 2015 and 2025 that evaluated the production, biotechnological applications, and nutritional impact of S. platensis supplementation in vulnerable populations. The results demonstrate improvements in nutritional indicators and highlight its feasibility as a low-cost, highly bioavailable dietary supplement, as well as its potential to strengthen food security strategies. Nevertheless, gaps related to the standardization of production processes, cost assessment, and large-scale implementation were identified, which are key aspects for its sustained incorporation in real-world contexts.