Química Farmacéutica

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https://usc.scimago.es/handle/20.500.12421/92

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Avances en la detección de ketamina: Revisión sistemática
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Hernández Gaviria, María Inés; Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director); Acevedo Restrepo, Isabel (Directora)
Ketamine is a substance used both medically and recreationally, and its detection poses a challenge in clinical and forensic contexts. This systematic review aims to evaluate the approaches used to identify ketamine and its metabolites in biological matrices and beverages. A bibliographic search was carried out following the PRISMA Declaration in databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect, among others, resulting in 15 selectedstudies published between 2010 and 2025. The methods described include conventional chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS, GC-MS), as well as electrochemical, optical, and paper-based biosensors. Sensors based on molecular imprinting, aptamers, and nanostructured materials stood out for their portability, low cost, and analysis times of less than 10 minutes. Alternative matrices (saliva, hair, and adulterated beverages) demonstrated significant advances in sensitivity, specificity, and in situ applicability. However, challenges remain in validation and standardization processes. It is concluded that methodological diversity enables broader and more timely ketamine detection, with implications for public health, justice, and the prevention of drug-facilitated crimes. Keywords: Biological matrices; biosensors
Evaluación de la capacidad descontaminante in-vitro de las cáscaras de chontaduro en aguas contaminadas por ibuprofeno
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) García Becerra, Betty Eliana; Urbano Montero, Marylin; Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director)
Currently, activated carbon is one of the most widely used adsorbent materials for environmental remediation purposes, especially for treating water contaminated with pharmaceuticals. In this regard, one of the main focuses is its production from renewable raw materials, such as residual plant matter, which in many cases is underutilized. In order to contribute to this approach, this study obtained activated carbon from peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) shells, a locally abundant waste product, through calcination using an acidic chemical agent (H3PO4) and a basic chemical agent (NaOH). Subsequently, the materials obtained were characterized through infrared spectroscopy, Boehm titration, and zero point of charge analysis. Furthermore, their in-vitro adsorption capacity for ibuprofen in aqueous solutions at neutral, acidic, and basic pH values was evaluated. The results obtained confirmed the successful production of activated carbon using both proposed methods, with more than 4000 mmol of surface functional groups per gram of material. Additionally, functional groups such as carboxylic acids, phenols, lactones, and amines were identified on the surface of the adsorbent materials. Finally, it was observed that these functional groups could be charged over a wide pH range, enhancing the removal of ibuprofen from aqueous media, reaching up to approximately 5 mg of ibuprofen per gram of activated carbon. This study highlights the potential of chontaduro shells as an alternative raw material for the production of adsorbent materials capable of removing ibuprofen from aqueous environments.
Evaluación de las propiedades fisicoquímicas y farmacotecnicas de almidones de yuca (Manihot esculenta) modificado a partir de fosfatos
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Ríos Castrillón, Luis Arturo; Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director)
Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is the fifth most produced agricultural product in Colombia and is grown in all 32 departments. Two varieties are produced: sweet cassava, intended for human consumption, and industrial or bitter cassava, intended for industrial segments. Industrial cassava represents an average of 7% of total cassava production in the country, while the remaining 93% is used for the production of sweet cassava. This causes sweet cassava to experience abrupt price drops due to overproduction, while industrial cassava is insufficient to supply industry, thus failing to meet market demand. Therefore, it is necessary to expand the horizons regarding the use of this tuber, taking advantage of the fact that its starch is a good asset for different industries such as food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. However, the structure of the starch can be modified to improve its properties. In this study, cassava starch was modified through an esterification process using primary and secondary sodium phosphates under weak acidity conditions in a semi-dry process, yielding starch phosphates with varying phosphorus contents. These starches were subsequently subjected to physicochemical and pharmacotechnical characterization tests (viscosity, swelling power, solubility, water absorption, pH, particle shape, apparent and compact density, apparent and compacted volume, Carr index and Hausner index, and infrared spectrometry). This study compared the functional properties of native cassava starch and modified starches, in order to analyze the impact of the modifications on key characteristics among the most relevant findings are: In the swelling power of the native starch, 0.97 g / g was obtained, which is a moderate water absorption capacity and in the modified starches the increase was found between 1.18 - 1.65 g / g showing that phosphatization altered the granular structure, favoring water retention. On the other hand, in the flow and compressibility properties, the apparent density of the native starch was 0.735 g / mL and that of the modified starches was 0.600 - 0.667 g / mL indicating greater porosity. The Carr index for native starch was 6.31% and for modified starch it was 9.82 – 12.48% with acceptable fluidity with greater cohesion and the Hausner index for native starch was 1.07 (low compressibility) and for modified starches it was 1.11 – 1.14 (moderate compressibility).
Fabricación de una barra energética a base de Cannabidiol, Sacha Inchi y Quinua
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Pantoja Saenz, Luis Alberto; Cardona Velásquez, Héctor Fabio; Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director)
Formulación de crema facial con propiedad antiacné a base del aceite esencial de la flor de caléndula (Caléndula Officinalis)
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Jaramillo Capote, Juliana Andrea; Illicachi Romero, Luis Alberto (Director); Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director)
The present research aimed to formulate a facial cream with actiacné property from hydroalcoholic extracts of Caléndula officinalis; this plant is recognized for its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and healing effects. Due to the low yield of the essential oil obtained by steam distillation, changes were made in the methodology to implement three extraction methods: soxhlet, maceration and ultrasound; soxhlet being the highest yield (45.47%). The O/W formulation was subjected to organoleptic, physicochemical and microbiological tests to prove its stability; the results showed that the cream presented an adequate texture and has parameters required to administer in skin with acne; even so, improvements should be implemented since it presents deficiencies in terms of stability, presenting aspects such as a slightly alkaline pH and a high cremated content. This formulation represents the vision of the cosmetics industry regarding the use of natural ingredients.
Metodologías para la detección de cocaína en sangre: una revisión sistemática
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Ortega Losada, María Fernanda; Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director); Acevedo Restrepo, Isabel (Directora)
The detection of cocaine and its metabolites in blood is of great clinical and forensic relevance due to the toxicological, legal, and public health implications associated with its use. This systematic review analyzes the most commonly used methodologies for such detection, highlighting liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), immunoassays, and emerging techniques such as nanoparticle-based potentiometric sensors. A search was conducted in recognized scientific databases, applying inclusion and exclusion criteria defined under the PRISMA 2020 declaration. From the selected articles, information was extracted on the sensitivity, specificity, advantages, limitations, and applicability of each method. Although LC-MS/MS remains the standard due to its high accuracy, alternative methods useful in specific contexts were identified.
Obtención de carbón activado a partir del desecho de cáscara de coco para la remoción in-vitro de fluconazol en aguas
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Coral Palacio, María Alexandra; Jara Sánchez, Laura Yineth; Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director)
The increase of emerging contaminants in drinking water sources represents a significant challenge for public health and the environment. Among these contaminants, fluconazole, an antifungal drug widely used in clinical practice, has been identified as a problematic substance due to its persistence and potential negative impact on aquatic ecosystems. In response to this issue, the use of activated carbons derived from renewable sources has emerged as a promising alternative, with the potential for efficient adsorption of pharmaceutical compounds in aqueous solutions. In this way, adsorbent materials were developed from coconut shell waste by chemical treatment with CaCl2 and H3PO4, the presence of functional groups in their structures was evaluated by the Boehm method, and its adsorption capacity of fluconazole was evaluated at different doses of the drug (6 and 10 ppm), amount of adsorbent material (20 and 50 mg), pH (3.0 and 7.0) and ionic strength (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 M). Activation with CaCl2 and H3PO4 yielded 10.17% and 16.3% respectively. Boehm titration revealed carboxylic, phenolic, and lactonic functional groups, critical to the fluconazole adsorption process
Obtención del extracto de aloe vera e incorporación en una base líquida de maquillaje, para la protección, hidratación y cuidado de la piel
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Aldana Wilches, Paula Andrea; Hernández Caro, Gerson Julián; Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director); Miller Peluffo, Jhon Alexander (Director)
The current cosmetics industry offers product lines on the market that lead women to use cosmetics, which directly affect the skin due to the variety of chemical components used in their formulation. The main unwanted effects on the skin due to makeup are the appearance of acne, dermatitis, premature wrinkles, among others, generating deterioration of the skin. In view of this current problem, a liquid makeup base with Aloe Vera extract is offered that provides a series of benefits to the skin, including reducing the risk of damage due to the presence of harmful compounds. In the present research work, it was possible to verify that Aloe Vera extract contains 31.81 mg/100mL of polysaccharides expressed as glucose equivalent and antioxidant activity both in the pure extract (28,37% ± 2,74%) and in the 70% diluted extract (29,85% ± 2,91%). However, it did not present antioxidant activity in the finished product (makeup base with Aloe Vera extract).
Optimización del encapsulamiento de tinidazol en micropartículas de alginato de sodio
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Prieto Idárraga, Lury Daniela; Trujillo Serna, Jean Carlos; Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director); Castillo Gómez, Duvan Fernando (Director)
Tinidazole is an antibiotic that exhibits reduced efficacy against the parasitic amoeba Entamoeba histolytica in patients undergoing intensive chemotherapy, due to the desquamation of intestinal mucosal epithelium caused by the treatment. For this reason, this study aims to explore alternatives to optimize the encapsulation of tinidazole into sodium alginate microparticles, crosslinked with calcium chloride using the external ionotropic gelation method. This was achieved through a 2³ factorial experimental design, which involved preparing different concentrations of polymer, crosslinker, and active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) at high and low levels to determine which variables yield the highest encapsulation efficiency. Subsequent in vitro release studies were performed at pH 1.2, 6.8, and 7.4. An infrared spectroscopy (IR) analysis was conducted to confirm the presence of encapsulated tinidazole within the beads by identifying the characteristic absorption bands of the API’s functional groups. Spectrophotometric analysis confirmed a maximum encapsulation efficiency of 70.84%, obtained with 1% crosslinker and polymer concentrations at pH 7.3 with 20 mg of API, making it the most effective formulation. In comparison, a formulation with 2% sodium alginate, 1% calcium chloride, and 20 mg of API yielded an encapsulation efficiency of only 34.79%. Beads with the highest encapsulation efficiency were then subjected to release studies at varying pH levels (1.2, 6.8, and 7.4), simulating gastric fluid, the small intestine, and the colon, respectively. The highest release was observed at pH 6.8, with 9.22% of the drug released over 5 hours. A proper balance between crosslinker and polymer concentrations is essential to achieve uniform encapsulation and drug release. Moreover, the beads demonstrated a controlled release profile in basic media, with the release kinetics best fitting the Higuchi model.
Seguimiento farmacoterapéutico bajo la metodología CTCAE en la evaluación de las reacciones adversas de la doxorrubicina en pacientes con cáncer de mama polimedicadas
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Villanueva Gallego, Isabella; Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director)
The study deals in depth with adverse drug reactions (ADR) in breast cancer patients treated with Doxorubicin and other drugs simultaneously. It is highlighted that polymedication increases the risk of ADR, presenting interactions in 24% of the drugs administered, especially in the gastrointestinal, hematological and neurological systems. According to Naranjo's algorithm, it was observed that 64% of the ADRs have a possible relationship, 44% a probable relationship and 7% a doubtful relationship. Likewise, using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE), 85% of the reactions were classified as mild, 9% as moderate and 6% as severe. A remarkably high incidence of 98% was observed in patients with breast cancer, who were also under treatment with Doxorubicin and polymedication, presenting adverse reactions. This finding suggests a significant likelihood that ADRs are related to Doxorubicin administration in this specific population. The study highlights the importance of comprehensive evaluation and monitoring to prevent interactions and ADRs, proposing strategies such as pharmacotherapeutic follow-up, pharmacovigilance and education for medical staff and patients, in order to optimize safety and improve patients' quality of life
Síntesis y caracterización de mezclas de carbón activado y bentonita para la remoción in-vitro de ketoconazol en aguas.
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Grey Rios, Ana Lizeth; Santibañez Soto, María Camila; Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director)
Water contamination by pharmaceutical substances, such as ketoconazole, is a significant environmental challenge. In this study, the adsorption of ketoconazole on a mixture of activated carbon and bentonite in proportions of 100%, 80/20% and 50/50%, chemically activated with phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄) for 24 h and 1 h intervals, was evaluated. Then, the materials were characterized by Boehm titration, IR spectroscopy and zero charge point (pHZPC). The results showed that the 50/50% CA/BE mixture presented the highest adsorption of ketoconazole, with a removal of 59.5% ± 0.8 in UV spectrophotometry. In addition, statistical analysis (ANOVA and Tukey test) showed that 24 h activation with H₃PO₄ improved the adsorption. It is concluded from the study that the combination of activated carbon and bentonite improves the removal efficiency of ketoconazole in water, highlighting pHZPC as a key factor for adsorption.
Validación de proceso de manufactura de una forma farmacéutica sólida en una planta farmacéutica
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2023) Rodriguez Escobar, Sebastian; Lindo Sanclemente, Juliana Alejandra; Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director)
This project consists of carrying out a concurrent validation of the manufacturing process of (calcium carbonate + vitamin D), produced by Fabrifarma S.A in the city of Cali. This validation is carried out in order to comply with the requirements set out in Resolution 1160 of 2016 of the Ministry of health and social protection, to make a diagnosis in the manufacturing process, in which a documentary review of the master formula, manufacturing instructions, analytical techniques and specifications of the finished product will be made. With this, the parameters to be improved will be detected and relevant corrective actions will be established, to start with the validation process based on the criteria established by Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and the validation master plan.
Validación de un método analítico para la cuantificación de impurezas orgánicas de Lisinopril en el producto Lisinopril 10 mg tabletas, por cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (HPLC) y detector UV-PDA
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Zapata Salcedo, Gina Marcela; Diaz Peláez, Juan Sebastián; Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director)
The purpose of the following work is to obtain a suitable and accessible chromatographic method for the quantification of known and unknown organic impurities in the Lisinopril 10mg Tablet product. For this, it was proposed to carry out the validation of an analytical method, by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and UV-PDA detector. Evaluating 8 performance parameters in accordance with what is indicated by the ICH-Q2 and chapter 1225 of the United States Pharmacopeia – National Formulary (USP-NF): System suitability, specificity, selectivity, stability of the analyte in solution, linearity, accuracy, precision and range. Following the analytical parameters indicated in the USP-NF 2022 Edition Lisinopril monograph
Validación del método de análisis para la determinación de trazas de silimarina por cromatografia hplc-dad en el producto silimarina 150 mg cápsulas, fabricado en una planta farmaceutica, luego de la limpieza en áreas y equipos de fabricación y envase
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Dulce Herrera, Laura Camila; Flórez Sánchez, Brayan Steven; Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director)
Trace determination is used in the pharmaceutical industry to ensure that cleaning processes remove the presence of active ingredients in the equipment used in the manufacturing process at adequate levels. In this way, an HPLC analysis method was validated for the determination of silymarin traces at a wavelength of 280 nm using a Zorbax SB – C18 5 µm 250 x 4.6 mm column (Agilent) maintained at a temperature of 25°. C, under binary gradient elution at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The injection volume was 10µL and methanol was used as diluent. The method was satisfactorily validated in terms of specificity, showing the absence of signals that could interfere with the quantification of the signals of interest. The quantification limit was established at 1.0 ppm, complying with a signal-to-noise ratio greater than 10. The method proved to be linear with r>0.997, in terms of precision an RSD of less than 20.0% was obtained, in terms of accuracy, a recovery of 50% was obtained. The method proved to be robust against the changes made, complying with the evaluated adequacy parameters. F. It was demonstrated that the analytical methodology generates reliable, safe and applicable analytical results for the determination of traces of Silymarin.

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