Química Farmacéutica
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Item Evolución y tendencias de la validación de procesos en la industria farmacéutica: Una revisión(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-06-30) Zabala Gordillo, Juan PabloEl presente trabajo de grado busca conocer cómo se implementó por primera vez la validación de procesos en las industrias farmacéuticas, hasta llegar a lo que conocemos hoy en día, así mismo, conocer las problemáticas sociales que impactaron negativamente sobre la seguridad de las personas que impulsaron a que las organizaciones mundiales empezaran a implementar informes y normativas para regular la seguridad de los productos que son consumidos por la población. Para llevar a cabo la revisión sistemática se utilizaron plataformas de búsqueda como: Google académico, sciencedirect, Scopus, SciELO, Redalyc, Pagina de la FDA y pagina del INVIMA. La búsqueda en dichas plataformas se realizó con palabras claves como: “Validación de procesos”, “Validación AND procesos”, “Validación AND industria”, “Plan maestro de validaciones”, “Validaciones de procesos”, “Buenas prácticas de Manufactura”, “Comienzo AND validación” “Historia AND validación” “Como se hace la validación de procesos”; la información recolectada fue pasada por NoteBookLM para conocer el contenido de los documentos y seleccionarlos de acuerdo a la necesidad del trabajo, no se estableció un límite de año de publicación, ya que, se conocía que habían documentos que fueron emitidos a comienzos de 1900 y se quería trabajar con los origínales; después, la información se clasificó por orden cronológico. La búsqueda bibliográfica evidenció como cada vez había una evolución en la mejora de la seguridad de los productos, así mismo, ayudó a conocer el inicio de las validaciones a mediados del siglo XIX, debido a las malas prácticas de manufactura el cual era el principal factor de enfermedades por alimentos mal procesados, el 30 de junio de 1906, se promulgó la Ley de Alimentos y Medicamentos Puro firmada por el presidente Theodore Roosevelt, la cual fue la primera norma que empezó a ponerle cuidado a los productos fabricados por las industrias, ese fue el inicio exacto donde nacieron las bases de lo que hoy se conoce como validación de procesos. A partir de ahí, se lograron cambios importantes y mejora en la salud del consumidor, dicha norma fue evolucionando hasta llegar a la norma de la Ley Federal de Alimentos Medicamentos y Cosméticos (FD&C), esta nueva norma buscaba controla los cosméticos y dispositivos médicos, fue así que, debido a muchos eventos presentados a nivel histórico hicieron que las organizaciones mundiales como la FDA, OMS, UE, entre otras, fueran implementando nuevas normas y nuevas guías poco a poco, entre ellas se citan la 21 CFR parte 210 y 211, WHO, BMP y muchos más informes. De esta forma, esta revisión ayudó a comprender de manera parcial la evolución que tuvo la validación de procesos en la industria farmacéutica, logrando conocer su crecimiento científico, la transición que tuvo de procesos empíricos e implementando validaciones retrospectivas a implementar modelos de validaciones más robustos, enfocados a la gestión de riesgos y ciclo de vida.Item Síntesis verde de nanopartículas de plata a partir de pulpa y eje central (corazón) de Annona muricata y evaluación de su actividad antibacteriana(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-06-19) Erazo Narvaez Derly Tatiana; Tafurt Salazar Julian MauricioEn este estudio se evaluó la síntesis verde de nanopartículas de plata (AgNPs) utilizando extractos de pulpa y corazón de Annona muricata como agentes reductores y estabilizantes. Esta investigación se planteó como una alternativa sostenible frente al incremento de la resistencia antimicrobiana en bacterias Gram positivas y Gram negativas asociadas a infecciones hospitalarias. El objetivo fue sintetizar y evaluar estas nanopartículas para determinar su potencial antibacteriano frente a Pseudomona aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae resistente y Enterococcus faecalis. Para ello, se prepararon extractos hidroalcohólicos mediante sonicación, empleados posteriormente en la síntesis de AgNPs a partir de nitrato de plata. Los resultados confirmaron la formación de nanopartículas estables con picos de absorción entre 419 y 420 nm. Además, mostraron una potente actividad antimicrobiana, alcanzando inhibiciones de hasta el 90 %. Estos hallazgos indican que las AgNPs sintetizadas constituyen una alternativa prometedora para el control de microorganismos, presentando en algunos casos un efecto superior al de antibióticos como amikacina, ceftriaxona y ampicilina. Sin embargo, se requieren estudios adicionales para profundizar en su caracterización fisicoquímica y en la relación entre sus propiedades y actividad biológica.Item “Evaluación de la Eficacia de los Cannabinoides en el Tratamiento de la Ansiedad: revisión de la dosis y respuesta del paciente al CBD. Revisión sistemática”(2026-09-04) Ruiz Cruz, Yury; Ruiz Cruz; YuryAnxiety is a normal psychobiological response in humans; however, when it presents persistently or disproportionately, it can become part of various psychiatric disorders and significantly affect quality of life. In this context, cannabidiol (CBD) has garnered scientific interest due to its potential anxiolytic effect and its interaction with the endocannabinoid system. The objective of this systematic review was to analyze the available scientific evidence on the efficacy of cannabinoids in the treatment of anxiety disorders, considering doses, metabolites, routes of administration, and clinical response. This research followed the PRISMA 2020 guidelines for systematic literature reviews, conducting searches in Scopus and Web of Science between 2015 and 2026. Initially, 226 records were identified, of which 80 duplicates were removed. After screening titles, abstracts, and full texts, 36 scientific articles were selected for the final analysis. The findings show favorable signals for CBD in certain clinical and experimental contexts related to anxiety, although the results were heterogeneous. The evidence regarding the effects of CBD is heterogeneous due to methodological differences, variability in dosage, and limitations in sample sizes. In conclusion, CBD constitutes an alternative under investigation, but the available evidence does not yet allow for conclusively establishing its efficacy for the general treatment of anxiety disorders.Item Contaminación acuática por antibióticos como desafío ambiental: Una revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-09-03) Gaspar Cardona, Daniela; Carvajal Giraldo, Karen Alexandra; Gaspar Cardona, Daniela Carvajal Giraldo, Karen AlexandraLa presencia de antibióticos en cuerpos de agua ha sido identificada como una problemática ambiental y sanitaria de creciente relevancia. Estos compuestos, al no ser eliminados de manera efectiva en las plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales, terminaban incorporándose a ríos, lagos y acuíferos, generando riesgos tanto para los ecosistemas acuáticos como para la salud humana. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la contaminación acuática por antibióticos, sus principales fuentes, los impactos ambientales y sanitarios derivados, así como las tecnologías naturales, biológicas y químicas utilizadas para su mitigación. La metodología empleada consistió en una revisión bibliográfica de artículos científicos publicados en bases de datos como Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar y repositorios de acceso abierto. Los resultados mostraron que los antibióticos más detectados incluían tetraciclinas, quinolonas y betalactámicos, cuya presencia se relacionaba con la aparición de genes de resistencia antimicrobiana en bacterias ambientales. Asimismo, se evidenció que los filtros biológicos, como humedales artificiales, presentaban eficiencias significativas en la reducción de estos compuestos, mientras que las tecnologías químicas, como la adsorción en carbón activado y los procesos de oxidación avanzada, lograban una mayor remoción, aunque con mayores costos energéticos. Se concluyó que la combinación de tecnologías biológicas y químicas representaba la estrategia más prometedora para enfrentar esta problemática, al equilibrar eficiencia de eliminación y sostenibilidad ambiental.Item Avances en cromatografía líquida acoplada a espectrometría de masas (HPLC-MS/MS) para el diagnóstico y monitoreo de enfermedades huérfanas(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-09-10) Orobio Enriquez; Maria del Mar; Orobio Enriquez, Maria del MarThe present study aimed to analyze the applications of liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) for the identification and quantification of biomarkers associated with rare diseases, mainly inborn errors of metabolism and lysosomal storage diseases, as well as other rare diseases in which its application has been documented. Rare diseases represent a significant challenge for diagnosis and clinical monitoring due to their heterogeneity, low prevalence, and limited availability of sensitive and specific diagnostic tools. A literature review of scientific publications published between 2020 and 2025 was conducted through searches in academic databases using terms related to HPLC-MS/MS, rare diseases, biomarkers, diagnosis, and monitoring. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were established for the selection of the information, and data related to the diseases studied, biomarkers or analytes, biological matrices, clinical applications, and analytical performance parameters were extracted and analyzed. The results showed that HPLC-MS/MS has applications in different rare diseases, with a greater presence in inborn errors of metabolism and lysosomal storage diseases. The main biomarkers and analytes identified included amino acids, metabolites, lipids, and proteins, determined in matrices such as blood, plasma, urine, dried blood spots, saliva, and cerebrospinal fluid. The technique showed utility in screening, diagnosis, stratification, and clinical monitoring applications. Likewise, the reviewed studies reported favorable analytical performance in parameters such as sensitivity, precision, and accuracy, although differences were identified among the analyzed methods. Finally, despite the potential of HPLC-MS/MS to strengthen the diagnosis and monitoring of rare diseases, its clinical implementation remains conditioned by factors such as equipment costs, required infrastructure, personnel training, and the need for method standardization and validation. In this context, strengthening reliable, reproducible, and standardized analytical methods represents an opportunity to expand the application of this technique in the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with rare diseaseItem Control de devoluciones y medicamentos vencidos como estrategia de prevención del comercio ilegal farmacéutico en Colombia: Revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-08-25) Lora Molano, Maria Alejandra; Restrepo Zapata, Jorge Humberto(Director)The illegal trade of medicines constitutes a public health problem that compromises patient safety, facilitates the circulation of counterfeit products, and generates economic losses for healthcare systems. Among the factors associated with this problem is the inadequate management of expired medicines and pharmaceutical returns, which can re-enter unauthorized channels when effective control and traceability mechanisms are lacking. The objective of this systematic review was to analyze the scientific and regulatory evidence related to the control of returns and expired medicines as a strategy to prevent the illegal trade of medicines in Colombia. A systematic literature review was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The search was carried out in the PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases, as well as regulatory documents issued by INVIMA (National Institute for Food and Drug Surveillance), the Ministry of Health, and the Ministry of Environment. Studies published between 2020 and 2026 in English and Spanish related to the management of pharmaceutical returns, expired medicines, traceability, and illegal trade were included. The initial search identified 428 records. After removing duplicates and applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 38 documents were selected for final analysis. The findings showed that the main strategies for preventing the illegal diversion of medicines include electronic traceability systems, product serialization, strengthening post-consumer programs, supply chain audits, documented control of returns, and regulatory oversight. It is concluded that strengthening traceability and returns control mechanisms is a fundamental strategy for reducing the risk of illegal pharmaceutical trade in Colombia and improving patient safety.Item VALIDACIÓN DE UN MÉTODO ANALÍTICO PARA LA CUANTIFICACIÓN DE CALCIO, HIERRO Y ZINC EN UN SUPLEMENTO DIETARIO POR ESPECTROFOTOMETRÍA DE ABSORCIÓN ATÓMICA(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-06-26) Rivera Muñoz, Angela Marcela; Gómez Cuevas, Lina Marcela; Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander(Director); Noriega Espinal, Carlos Andrés(Director)To ensure adequate intake of essential nutrients in the population, dietary supplements are recommended as a measure to prevent diseases caused by micronutrient deficiencies. The elemental analysis of iron, calcium, and zinc in these products requires validated analytical methodologies that guarantee the reliability of the results under the Colombian regulatory framework, Decree 3249 of 2006 and Resolution 3619 of 2013. To address this need, a validation protocol was developed and executed for the quantification of these three active ingredients by atomic absorption spectrophotometry using the Perkin Elmer PinAAcle 900H Spectrophotometer, through wet digestion, following the guidelines of USP <1225>, harmonized with the directives of the ICH Q2 (R1) committee. It was found that all acceptance criteria for specificity, precision, accuracy, range, and linearity parameters were met; specifically, appropriate linearity in the calibration curves was determined, precision was adjusted to the allowed levels of variability, and recovery percentages confirmed the accuracy of the procedure. In conclusion, the statistical analyses of linear regression, ANOVA, and hypothesis testing demonstrate the suitability of the method for the quantification of analytes in the dietary supplement.Item Eficacia, seguridad y perspectivas terapéuticas del cannabis medicinal en el tratamiento del dolor crónico asociado al cáncer: Revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-06-24) Cabrera Agreda, Miguel Angel; Melissa Castañeda, Carol(Directora)Chronic cancer-related pain presents a significant therapeutic challenge due to its complexity and the limitations of traditional treatments, particularly opioids, which can negatively impact quality of life. In this context, medicinal cannabis has emerged as a potential therapeutic option, generating interest within the scientific community. The objective of this study was to analyze the available evidence on the efficacy, safety, and therapeutic prospects of medicinal cannabis in the treatment of chronic cancer-associated pain through a systematic review of the scientific literature. A search was conducted in databases such as PubMed, Scopulus, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science, following the PRISMA methodology. Studies published between 2020 and 2025 that evaluated the use of cannabinoids in cancer patients with chronic pain were included. The results demonstrate documented evidence of the analgesic effect, with an increased percentage of cancer patients achieving chronic pain relief. Furthermore, a favorable safety profile was observed, characterized by the absence of adverse events and good tolerability. Regarding pharmaceutical forms, the oral route was the most frequently used, while the inhaled route showed a faster onset of action. Furthermore, high patient acceptability and a possible opioid-sparing effect were identified. It was concluded that medicinal cannabis is a therapeutic option with potential for treating cancer pain; however, more robust clinical research is needed to reach definitive conclusions about its safety and effectiveness.Item NANOPARTÍCULAS DE QUITOSANO COMO ESTRATEGIA INNOVADORA EN LA LIBERACIÓN DIRIGIDA DE FÁRMACOS PARA EL TRATAMIENTO DEL CÁNCER: REVISIÓN DE LITERATURA(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-09-02) Benavides Lopez, Kevin R.; Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander(Director)Cancer represents a major global public health challenge, driving the need for more efficient, selective, and safer therapeutic strategies. In this context, chitosan-based nanoparticles have emerged as promising platforms for controlled drug delivery in oncology. This systematic review, based on literature published between 2020 and 2026 and conducted under PRISMA guidelines, analyzes recent advances in the design, synthesis, and application of these nanometric systems in the treatment of various cancers, including breast, lung, colorectal, prostate, and gastric cancer. Chitosan, as a polycationic biopolymer, exhibits favorable physicochemical properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, mucoadhesion, and high functionalization capacity, enabling efficient encapsulation of chemotherapeutic agents and targeted delivery to tumor cells. The analyzed studies demonstrate that chitosan nanoparticles enhance drug bioavailability, enable sustained and controlled release, and improve permeability across biological barriers, thereby reducing systemic toxicity and increasing therapeutic efficacy. Furthermore, modulation of parameters such as molecular weight, surface charge, and synthesis techniques allows tailoring of nanoparticle properties for specific oncological applications. Overall, these nanoplatforms represent an innovative strategy with high potential for the development of more effective, safe, and targeted cancer therapies.Item Métodos alternativos a la experimentación animal: una revisión sistemática de sus avances y limitaciones(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-07-24) Vivas Páez, Isabella; Gaviria Escamilla, Natalia; Ilicachi Romero, Luis Alberto (Director)Animal experimentation has been a widely used practice in biomedical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic research; however, in recent years it has been questioned due to its ethical implications and its limitations in accurately human responses. This review was based on studies with the same topic, prioritizing those published in the last 5 years in databases such as PubMed, Scopus, SciELO, and Springer. Among the studies were some highly relevant ones, such as (Park et al., 2024), (Silva & Tamburic, 2022), and (Raies & Bajic, 2016). This review addresses the development of alternative methods to animal experimentation, with an emphasis on such as in vitro and in silico models, organoids, organs-on-a-chip, 3D bioprinting, and reconstructed skin models. The findings show that these tools offer significant advantages in terms of biological relevance, reproducibility, reduced animal use, and application in areas such as toxicology, safety assessment, and cosmetics. However, limitations were also identified related to standardization, regulatory validation, and the widespread implementation of these methodologies in different scientific and industrial contexts. In conclusion, methods represent a promising path toward a more ethical, modern, and humanly relevant science, their consolidation requires greater technical and institutional strengthening.Item Tratamiento de la ansiedad y trastornos del sueño con passiflora (Passiflora incarnata) y tilo (Tilia platyphyllos): Revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-06-23) Becerra Figueroa, Henry; Burgos Restrepo, Luisa Fernanda; Cuadros Gutiérrez, Diego Gerardo(Director)This review assessed the efficacy and safety of Passiflora incarnata and Tilia platyphyllos for anxiety and insomnia, focusing on extract standardization and applicability in pharmaceutical chemistry. Following PRISMA 2020 and the Cochrane Handbook, studies were searched in PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL, Scopus, Web of Science, and SciELO between 2019 and 2025. Bias was assessed using RoB 2/ROBINSI, and certainty was rated using GRADE. Narrative synthesis and meta-analysis were integrated where appropriate. Forty-five human studies were included, distributed among 27 randomized controlled trials, 6 quasi-experimental studies, and 12 observational studies, with 80% focusing on Passiflora and 20% on Tilia. This allowed for the estimation of clinically interpretable magnitudes for therapeutic decisions and the prescribing pathways. In insomnia, Passiflora showed increases in total sleep time of approximately 23 minutes compared to placebo and improvements in PSQI/ISI scores at 30 days with good tolerability. In procedural anxiety, it was non-inferior to midazolam with less somnolence, and as an adjunct in benzodiazepine withdrawal, it was associated with a greater likelihood of sustained reduction. In contrast, Tilia presented limited evidence for monotherapy and was positioned as an adjunct. The main limitations were the heterogeneity of extracts, short durations, and multi-herb combinations. It is proposed to prioritize trials with extracts standardized for vitexin/isovitexin and tilianin, with a duration of ≥8–12 weeks and objective measures of sleep. In the field of pharmaceutical chemistry, this synthesis provides quality control criteria, analytical markers, and design guidelines that strengthen the traceability and clinical translatability of phytomedicines for anxiety and insomnia, optimizing decision-making and patient safety.Item Estrategias de trazabilidad digital para la prevención del comercio ilegal de medicamentos: Revisión sistemática.(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-05-21) Reyes Madariaga, Nathalia; Restrepo Zapata, Jorge Humberto(Director)This study focused on the issue of illegal drug trafficking, a problem that threatens public health due to the presence of counterfeit products in the pharmaceutical distribution chain. The objective of this research was to examine how digital traceability technologies, particularly serialization, blockchain, and the Internet of Things (IoT), can serve as tools to combat drug counterfeiting and improve the safety of the pharmaceutical system. The methodology used consisted of a systematic literature review, in which recent scientific studies from recognized databases were selected and analyzed, applying inclusion and exclusion criteria that prioritized the timeliness, relevance, and quality of the information. The findings showed that digital traceability technologies provide significant advantages compared to conventional methods, facilitating the unique identification of medicines, real-time tracking, and secure data recording. In addition, it was determined that serialization is the most common strategy in the regulatory field, while blockchain and the Internet of Things have high potential to increase transparency and control in the supply chain. It was concluded that the incorporation of these technologies constitutes an effective solution to reduce the illegal trade of medicines, improving traceability, the identification of irregularities, and the protection of public health. However, the need to strengthen applied research and promote their large-scale implementation was highlighted, especially in environments with technological limitations.Item Beneficios de la Nanoencapsulación de activos mediante el sistema transportador lipídico nanoestructurado (NLC) como estrategia para optimizar la estabilidad de cremas cosméticas: Una Revisión Sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-06-24) Pérez Plaza, Juan Pablo; Tapie Taimal, Cristian Daniel; Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander(Director)The search for more effective, safe, and stable cosmetics has driven the development of formulations with multiple active ingredients; however, many of these compounds exhibit low stability when exposed to factors such as light, oxygen, temperature, pH, and humidity, which can compromise their efficacy, shelf life, and organoleptic characteristics. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) represent a promising strategy for optimizing the stability of active ingredients incorporated into cosmetic creams. The objective of this review was to analyze the benefits of nanoencapsulation using NLCs as a system for improving the physicochemical stability of cosmetic actives. To this end, a literature review was conducted in the PubMed, MDPI, ScienceDirect, and Springer databases, considering articles published between 2021 and 2026. An initial 1,285 records were identified, of which 49 studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results showed that the imperfect lipid matrix of NLCs, formed by the combination of solid and liquid lipids, promotes a greater carrying capacity, reduces the expulsion of the active ingredient during storage, and allows for more controlled release. Experimental studies reported particle sizes primarily between 50 and 300 nm, polydispersity indices below 0.5, and encapsulation efficiencies frequently exceeding 80% for antioxidants, retinoids, vitamins, UV filters, polyphenols, and plant extracts. Furthermore, improvements were observed in photostability, thermal stability, protection against oxidation, skin retention, and tolerability. It is concluded that NLCs constitute an effective technology for stabilizing cosmetic actives; however, their performance depends on the appropriate selection of lipids, surfactants, production method, and storage conditions.Item Cribado virtual y Docking Molecular de nuevos inhibidores de la β-lactamasa BlaC de Mycobacterium tuberculosis(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-06-30) Angulo Rincón, Camila; Camargo Gutiérrez, Hillary; Ciro, Yhors Alexander(Director); Aristizabal Salazar, Yesid Armando(Director)Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) represents a major global public health challenge due to the resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to first-line drugs. The β-lactamase BlaC constitutes one of the resistance mechanisms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis against β-lactam antibiotics. Through its enzymatic activity, BlaC modifies and inactivates β-lactam antibiotics, limiting their therapeutic use in the treatment of the disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate potential BlaC inhibitory compounds as a therapeutic alternative through an in silico approach. Molecular docking was performed using the crystallographic structure of BlaC obtained from the Protein Data Bank (PDB), analyzing binding affinity and protein–ligand interactions. Ligands were filtered according to pharmacokinetic properties, structural similarity, pharmacophore features, and affinity. A top 20 compounds were selected, showing higher affinity values than the reference inhibitors Avibactam, Relebactam, and Durlobactam. Molecule M2122 exhibited the highest binding affinity (-9.034 kcal/mol), followed by the diazabicyclooctane (DBO) compounds M1093 and M1890. Hydrogen bonds predominated (66.2%), with SER84 , THR253 and ILE117 identified as the most relevant interacting residuesItem Herramientas bioinformáticas in silico para identificar compuestos neuroprotectores en Alzheimer y Parkinson: una Revisión Sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-06-10) Ramirez Sanchez, James; Oñate Garzón, José Fernando(Director); Ciro Monsalve, Yhors(Director)Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases represent a growing public health challenge due to their high prevalence, irreversible progression, and the limited efficacy of current treatments. For this reason, the identification of neuroprotective compounds using in silico tools emerges as a promising strategy to optimize the discovery of new pharmacological treatments. This systematic review aims to analyze the potential of these bioinformatics tools in the development of strategies for identifying molecules with neuroprotective activity for both diseases. The methodology was developed following the PRISMA guidelines, through the search, selection, and critical analysis of scientific articles, including studies of molecular docking, molecular dynamics, and experimental validation, evaluating affinity energy and conformational stability. The results showed that for Alzheimer's disease, the main therapeutic targets were acetylcholinesterase (AChE), β-secretase (BACE1), and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), with molecules such as curcumin, quercetin, and berberine standing out due to their favorable energies and interactions. In Parkinson's disease, the most studied targets were monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) and alpha synuclein, where compounds such as resveratrol, luteolin, and baicalein showed neuroprotective potential. Based on these findings, in silico tools allowed for the identification of promising compounds and multi-target molecules; however, limited experimental validation and a lack of methodological standardization are factors that affect the reliability of the results.Item Nuevas estrategias tecnológicas implementadas en la reducción del comercio ilegal farmacéutico: Revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-07-31) Padilla Pérez, Laura Ximena; Restrepo Zapata, Jorge Humberto(Director)The illicit trade in medicines constitutes a growing global public health problem, associated with significant risks to patient safety and economic losses for health systems; drug counterfeiting is on the rise in countries where legislation regulating these illicit activities is weak and there is a lack of resources and measures to combat them. This study was conducted using a qualitative approach through a systematic literature review, with the objective of analyzing the available scientific evidence on the use of technological innovations to reduce the illegal trade in medicines, following the PRISMA statement guidelines; the literature search was conducted in recognized academic databases, such as ScienceDirect, PubMed, Scopus, SciELO, and Google Scholar. Studies associated with technologies applied to the detection, prevention, or control of counterfeit medicines were included, as well as research related to traceability in the pharmaceutical supply chain. The results highlighted new technologies such as blockchain, IoT, paper-based analytical devices (PAD), optical spectrophotometers (colorimeters), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). However, limitations were identified regarding implementation costs, infrastructure requirements, regulatory barriers, and the need for staff training. It was also evident that none of the aforementioned strategies work alone or individually to eradicate the problem of counterfeit medicines; rather, a comprehensive approach is needed that combines administrative and technological tools, active surveillance, and continuous training of healthcare personnel. This combination or integration of approaches and strategies represents the most effective solution or pathway to reducing the circulation of counterfeit medicines in healthcare facilities.Item Propiedades antineoplásicas de la familia Annonaceae: Una revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-06-23) Borja Pinto, Emilie Valentina; Illicachi Romero, Luis Alberto(Director)Cancer is recognized as one of the leading causes of death worldwide, highlighting the need to develop new therapeutic alternatives based on naturally occurring bioactive compounds. In this context, the Annonaceae family is identified as a significant source of metabolites with potential anticancer activity. The objective of this study is to analyze and synthesize the available scientific evidence regarding the anticancer potential of various species of the genus Annona and other related species. A literature review was conducted focusing on preclinical studies and phytochemical reports, in which cytotoxic activity, mechanisms of action, and strategies to improve the bioavailability of bioactive compounds were evaluated. The findings show that extracts and isolated metabolites, particularly acetogenins, exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against multiple tumor cell lines. The mechanisms of action include caspase-mediated apoptosis induction, regulation of proteins associated with cell survival, generation of oxidative stress, and disruption of mitochondrial function. Furthermore, it is observed that strategies such as nanoencapsulation improve the stability of these compounds. It is concluded that Annonaceae species represent a promising source for the development of new anticancer agents; however, clinical evidence is limited, indicating the need for further human studies to validate their safety and efficacy.Item Perfilado químico de drogas ilícitas y nuevas sustancias psicoactivas mediante cromatografía acoplada a espectrometría de masas: Una revisión sistemática.(Universidad Santiago de cali, 2026-05-12) Quintero Peña, Daniela; Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander(Director)The rapid emergence of new psychoactive substances has created one of the most dynamic analytical challenges in modern forensic science. Hundreds of new cannabinoids, cathinones, opioids, hallucinogens, and dissociatives, which appear as hybrid or structurally modified analogues of conventional drugs, have entered the illicit market and are frequently found in complex poly-drug mixtures. This review summarizes recent advances in chromatographic techniques coupled with mass spectrometry for their detection, identification, and structural elucidation between 2016 and 2025 based on ScienceDirect databases. The current literature highlights significant improvements in extraction procedures, preconcentration, derivatization strategies for thermally unstable analogues, and chromatographic optimization that allow discrimination between the isomers that some drugs have. This review covers a wide range of biological matrices, including blood, urine, hair, and breast milk. The review demonstrates the ongoing work being done to find the chromatographic and sample extraction methodologies that are most appropriate for the matrix being worked with and in accordance with the need at hand. The main goal is to have the necessary tools in both the fields of research and health due to the rapid increase in new psychoactive substances (NPS), which is a growing concern. In conclusion, the review work carried out provides insight into the daily search for the best analytical methodologies in the field of forensic chemistry, with the main interest being to expand knowledge of the chemical profiles of a wide range of drugs. Over time, new drugs emerge, creating the need to be able to identify and document them in a database for possible future cases where they may be involved. All of this constitutes a social, investigative, and health approach, because the aim is to be able to act in an appropriate and relevant manner when required, to reduce mortality rates.Item Nanopartículas de quitosano como agentes para la remoción de contaminantes emergentes farmacéuticos en agua: Revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-07) Mora Garcia, Kevin Frederic; Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander(Director)The contamination of aquatic ecosystems by antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, hormones, and pesticides represents a growing threat that conventional treatment systems are unable to resolve efficiently, a situation that has driven the search for more robust technological alternatives. Chitosan nanoparticles are positioned as a sustainable option, backed by their biocompatibility, renewable origin, and the chemical versatility of their functional groups for targeted modification. A systematic review was conducted on the synthesis, characterization, and adsortive performance of chitosan-derived materials for the removal of emerging contaminants in water, consulting international databases for the period 2015–2024 with defined eligibility criteria. The studies included magnetic hybrid materials, mesoporous materials, and MOF/MXene composites that showed high efficiencies against tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, and β-lactams, as well as against NSAIDs such as ibuprofen, diclofenac, and paracetamol; the removal of hormones and pesticides received significantly less attention. The maximum capacities reported exceeded 200–500 mg·g⁻¹, especially when adsorption was complemented by catalytic or photocatalytic functions. Performance depended on pH, with optimal results in acid-neutral ranges, adsorbent dosage, and ionic strength, with the presence of Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺ consistently reducing efficiency due to electrostatic competition. The main gaps identified include the predominance of low-volume batch tests, insufficient evidence in columns and breakage curves, and limited validation in real matrices with TOC balances and leaching studies. Chitosan nanocomposites are a promising platform for tertiary treatment stages, and their validation is recommended under conditions close to neutral pH, under multicomponent mixtures, and in fixed-bed pilots with magnetic regeneration.Item Registro Digital Blockchain como una herramienta de control preventiva en el ingreso de materia prima ilegal: una revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-06-11) Trochez Rengifo,Tamara; Restrepo Zapata, Jorge Humberto (Director)The commercialization of illegal medicines is a sanitary and regulatory problem that compromises patient safety, therapeutic effectiveness, and trust in health systems. Counterfeiting, adulteration, unauthorized distribution, and marketing of products without sanitary authorization reveal weaknesses in pharmaceutical supply chain traceability, especially in contexts with fragmented logistics, unverified electronic commerce, and limited inspection capacity. This systematic review analyzed the usefulness of blockchain technology as a preventive control tool to reduce the entry of illegal medicines into the pharmaceutical supply chain. Studies published between 2020 and 2025 were reviewed in ScienceDirect, PubMed, Scopus, and Springer using terms related to blockchain, traceability, pharmaceutical supply chain, counterfeiting, and illegal medicines. Selection was guided by defined inclusion and exclusion criteria, with screening of titles, abstracts, and full texts. The selected articles show that blockchain provides immutable records, event authentication, smart contracts, controlled interoperability, and greater visibility among manufacturers, distributors, regulatory authorities, and dispensers. The reviewed models, including Medledger, PharmaChain, IPFS-based solutions, IoT sensors, and homomorphic encryption, show concrete applications in serialization, batch traceability, cold chain control, and inconsistency detection. Implementation requires overcoming technical, regulatory, economic, and training barriers, but represents a relevant alternative for strengthening sanitary control and the transparency of pharmaceutical processes.