Química Farmacéutica

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Efectos en la salud de las interacciónes toxicologicas de la cocaina adulterada con levamisol en colombia: revision sistematica
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025-09-29) Medina Melo, Daniela; Ocampo, Dennis Mauricio (Director)
The adulteration of cocaine with levamisole has become a growing global and public health problem in Colombia. This systematic review compiles the health effects derived from this toxicological interaction with levamisole, a veterinary anthelmintic, which increases the volume of the drug and enhances its effects (Solomon, N., et al., 2017). Through a systematic review using databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, among others, several clinical cases were compiled, in which the most serious adverse effect was determined to be vasculitis. The results also highlighted that Medellín is the city with the highest number of reported clinical cases due to this toxicological interaction. The contribution of this work is the confirmation of a recurring clinical picture associated with the use of the cocaine- levamisole mixture (vasculitis, agranulocytosis, neutropenia, skin necrosis). However, the search also considered the possibility of finding other less documented adverse effects such as renal, systemic vascular, pulmonary or neurological involvement (described in some international reports).
Formulación de crema facial con propiedad antiacné a base del aceite esencial de la flor de caléndula (Caléndula Officinalis)
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Jaramillo Capote, Juliana Andrea; Illicachi Romero, Luis Alberto (Director); Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director)
The present research aimed to formulate a facial cream with actiacné property from hydroalcoholic extracts of Caléndula officinalis; this plant is recognized for its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and healing effects. Due to the low yield of the essential oil obtained by steam distillation, changes were made in the methodology to implement three extraction methods: soxhlet, maceration and ultrasound; soxhlet being the highest yield (45.47%). The O/W formulation was subjected to organoleptic, physicochemical and microbiological tests to prove its stability; the results showed that the cream presented an adequate texture and has parameters required to administer in skin with acne; even so, improvements should be implemented since it presents deficiencies in terms of stability, presenting aspects such as a slightly alkaline pH and a high cremated content. This formulation represents the vision of the cosmetics industry regarding the use of natural ingredients.
Análisis del impacto de la implementación de sistemas de distribución de medicamentos en dosis unitaria en entidades de salud de alta complejidad
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Ochoa Caicedo, Jorge Fernando; Valderrama Cuellar, William Alexander (Director)
This study analyzed the impact of implementing Unit Dose Medication Distribution Systems (UDMDS) in high-complexity healthcare institutions in Colombia. Through a literature review and an analysis of local and international cases, the effects of these systems were evaluated in three key areas: patient safety, operational efficiency, and cost control. The findings show that UDMDS significantly reduces medication errors, optimizes logistical and administrative processes, and contributes to the financial sustainability of institutions by minimizing pharmaceutical waste. In Colombia, experiences from institutions such as Clínica Fundación Valle del Lili and Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe demonstrate promising results, although regulatory gaps and challenges related to technological infrastructure and staff training remain obstacles to the widespread implementation of UDMDS in the country. This study highlights the need to develop specific strategies for the adoption and integration of UDMDS to enhance the quality of care and strengthen the Colombian healthcare system.
Determinación del contenido de compuestos fenólicos y actividad antioxidante del extracto etanol/acuoso de la pulpa de arazá (Eugenia stipitata)
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Peña Ardila, Leidy Carolina; Montenegro Mora, Estefanía; Castillo Ayala, Jorge Enrique (Director)
The objective of this work is to determine the antioxidant capacity of the phenolic compounds present in the pulp of arazá (Eugenia spititata Mc Vaugh), for this the extraction of bioactive compounds was carried out in three different media (aqueous, hydroethanolic 50:50 , ethanolic) in which a yield percentage of 2.9%, 3.5%, 3.3% respectively was obtained. Next, a phytochemical test was carried out to qualitatively identify the presence of bioactive compounds present in the extracts. Subsequently, the content of phenolic compounds was quantified by the folin-Ciocalteu method for each of the extracts taking gallic acid as a reference standard, where it was observed that the ethanolic extract had a higher content of phenolic compounds with a value of 506 .2500 equivalents in mg/L of gallic acid (GAE) in the extract. Finally, the antioxidant capacity of each of the extracts was evaluated by the ABTS method, resulting in an inhibitory concentration of 50 (IC50) for the ethanolic extract of 10.01mg/L, the hydroethanolic extract of 16.65mg/L, and finally the aqueous of 19.11mg/L, these results were compared with the reference standard and the antioxidant capacity equivalent to Trolox was calculated.
Nuevas Sustancias Psicoactivas, Retos y Tendencias en la Identificación Forense: Una Revisión Sistémica
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Sinisterra Amú, Diana; Ocampo Chaguendo, Dennis Mauricio (Director)
Currently, there is a wide variety of psychoactive substances (NPS), whose evolution and chemical variability are increasingly rapid. These substances, despite being very similar to illegal drugs, are often very complex to analyze, especially if they are treated by traditional means. A literature review of publications from the last decade identified studies evaluating the accuracy of new technologies for the detection of these new psychoactive substances. This highlights the fact that each method has essential characteristics for their identification, such as: High-resolution mass spectroscopy and vibrational spectroscopy are very accurate and rapid; additionally, integrating these methods with artificial intelligence and/or nanomaterials demonstrates radical optimization for such identification, even with unknown substances. Thus, advanced analytical technologies allow for greater NPS detection capacity compared to traditional methods. Furthermore, constant input of databases with consolidated information is required to improve identification methods and, consequently, their accuracy.
Optimización de la Absorción Transdérmica de Cannabinoides del Cannabis Sativa Para el Tratamiento de Psoriasis y Dermatitis Atópica Mediante Biofarmacéutica y Nanotecnología: Una Revisión Sistemática
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Saavedra Vásquez, Diana Miley; Gonzales Vargas, Iván Andrés (Director)
A systematic review of studies published between 2019 and 2024 was conducted to evaluate the impact of nanotechnology on the transdermal absorption of Cannabis sativa cannabinoids, particularly cannabidiol (CBD), in the treatment of chronic dermatological diseases such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. A total of 511 articles were analyzed, of which 30 were selected for their relevance and contributions to the development of controlled-release systems, such as Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles and liposomes, which improved the bioavailability and penetration of CBD through the skin barrier. The results indicated that nanoparticles and emulsions enhanced skin hydration and reduced inflammation. CBD exhibited antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties without causing severe adverse effects. Compared to conventional treatments, such as topical corticosteroids and immunosuppressants, which often lead to skin thinning, irritation, or an increased risk of skin cancer, nanotechnology emerged as a safer and more effective alternative. The combination of CBD with other bioactive compounds produced a synergistic effect that enhanced its therapeutic action. Additionally, CBD transdermal patches enabled sustained release, significantly improving skin condition. In conclusion, nanotechnology applied to CBD formulations proved to be a promising strategy for overcoming the limitations of transdermal absorption, offering a safer, more effective, and less invasive alternative to conventional methods.
La eficacia y seguridad analgésica del cannabis medicinal en combinación con opioides en pacientes con cáncer de colon y pulmón, Revisión sistemática
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Jiménez Arango, Darío; Oñate Garzón, José Fernando (Director); Mauricio Cogollo, Andrés (Codirector)
Severe oncological pain in patients with colon and lung cancer poses a significant clinical challenge, associated with limitations in the efficacy of opioids and risks such as tolerance, dependence, and severe adverse effects. This study aimed to evaluate the analgesic efficacy and safety of medicinal cannabis combined with opioids in managing pain in this population. A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines, analyzing 18 studies (2010-2024) from databases such as PubMed and Cochrane, focusing on clinical trials and observational studies. The methodology included the PICO strategy, bias evaluation (using the Cochrane and Newcastle-Ottawa tools), and random-effects statistical models. Results demonstrated a significant reduction in pain (20-30% on EVA scales) and a decrease in opioid doses (25-51%) when therapies were combined, with synergistic effects attributed to dual modulation of the endocannabinoid and opioid systems. The most frequent adverse effects were fatigue (25%), dizziness (20%), and nausea (15%), generally mild and transient. Differences in response were identified depending on the type of cancer: greater efficacy was observed in neuropathic pain (lung cancer) compared to visceral pain (colon cancer). The conclusions highlight that the cannabis-opioid combination offers a promising approach to optimizing pain control and reducing opioid-associated risks. However, heterogeneity in doses and formulations was evident, underscoring the need for standardized protocols and long-term studies. This work provides evidence to guide clinical practices and health policies, prioritizing safety and quality of life for oncological patients.
Beneficios y efectos adversos en el uso del cannabis como tratamiento para pacientes que sufren enfermedades neurodegenerativas como Alzheimer y Parkinson revisión sistemática
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Vallejo Freire, Daniela Estefania; Rojas Barreto, Julian Alonso (Director)
This systematic review analyzes the use of cannabinoids, particularly cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease. Selected studies report neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory effects and improvements in patients' quality of life, especially in symptoms such as pain and muscle stiffness. Despite the observed benefits, adverse effects such as fatigue, dizziness and, in some cases, mild cognitive impairment associated with THC were identified. The results suggest that cannabinoids offer promising therapeutic potential, but further research is required to establish appropriate dosing protocols and better understand their long-term effects.
Uso del CBD para la Disminución de la Hiperfagia por Ansiedad en el Tratamiento de la Obesidad Humana - Revisión Sistemática
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Salazar Romero, Catalina; Rojas Barreto, Julian Alonso (Director)
This systematic review examines the potential of cannabidiol (CBD) to decrease anxiety-induced hyperphagia in the treatment of obesity, a condition characterized by excess body fat due to an imbalance between caloric intake and energy expenditure. Using qualitative methodology, the available scientific evidence on the dual mechanisms of action of CBD was critically analyzed: the modulation of the anxious state triggering compulsive eating behaviors and the metabolic regulation of adipose tissue. The findings reveal that CBD has a unique pharmacological profile, acting on multiple receptors (CB1, 5-HT1A, TRPV1) and stimulating genes related to energy metabolism (PPARγ, PGC1α). This therapeutic duality, together with an apparently favorable safety profile, positions it as a promising alternative to conventional treatments with limited efficacy or significant adverse effects. However, important limitations remain: scarcity of controlled clinical studies with rigorous methodologies, questions about long-term hepatic safety, regulatory challenges and discrepancies in the quality of marketed products. These limitations underline the need to intensify scientific research, develop standardized therapeutic protocols and evaluate comparative efficacy with conventional treatments to definitively establish the role of medicinal CBD in the comprehensive approach to obesity.
Síntesis y caracterización de fosfato de calcio mediante precipitación controlada para aplicaciones biomédicas
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Valderruten Diaz, Carlos Andrés; Morales Morales, Jimmy Alexander (Director)
Biomaterials are of crucial importance for human survival. People who suffer from accidents, arthritis, and human longevity require biomaterials to improve their quality of life. Because of this, alternatives have been studied to solve these problems. One of these is the use of calcium phosphate ceramic, a biomaterial used in bone regeneration and widely used in dentistry and orthopedic surgery due to its similarity to the mineral component of bone. For the synthesis of calcium phosphates, an inexpensive method called ultrasound-assisted wet precipitation was used. In this study, aqueous solutions of calcium nitrate tetrahydrate (Ca(NO3).4H2O) and ammonium phosphate (H2(PO4)NH4) served as the starting point for the precipitation method used to produce synthetic calcium phosphates. Physical and chemical factors such as stirring time and temperature were evaluated. The composition depends on the Ca/P molar ratio, pH, and calcination temperature. A pH equal to 11 and a Ca/P molar ratio close to 1.7 tend to produce pure HA, while a lower pH combined with a Ca/P molar ratio close to 1.5 results in HA/CaO.
Reformulación en jabón de la formulación común del minoxidil (1-óxido de 2,6- diamino-4-piperidinopirimidina)
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Saavedra Chavarro, Bryan Felipe; Bravo Ortega, Laura; Ocampo Chaguendo, Dennis Mauricio (Director); Garzón Méndez, William Fernando (Director)
Androgenic alopecia is a hair loss condition influenced by two key factors: genetics and hormones. The most well-knowntopical medication is minoxidil (2,6-diamino-4-(piperidin-1-yl) pyrimidine 1-oxide). However, due to its poor water solubility, commercial formulations typically contain propylene glycol, which can cause skin reactions such as irritation and dryness in some individuals. This project aims to reformulate the cosmetic product using a vehicle that minimizes adverse skin reactions by opting for a solid presentation. Four soap variants were developed, each containing a 5% concentration of minoxidil. Quality tests were conducted to evaluate these formulations' effectiveness, allowing the identification of the formulation 1 as the most suitable variant in terms of stability and physicochemical characteristics.
Uso de compuestos de cáñamo (Cannabis sativa L.) en suplementos dietarios: Revisión sistemática
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Rosero Ramos, Anyell Melissa; Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander
The plant of Cannabis Sativa L. also known as hemp, is an ancestral plant that contains different compounds such as macromolecules beneficial for health as cannabidiol, various fatty acids and omegas beneficial for human health, so its use has been observed as a dietary supplement for its benefits and high nutritional value, in people with deficiencies in their diet. In this monograph, the scientific literature on the use of hemp compounds in dietary supplements was reviewed as a promising alternative to which anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects are attributed. In addition, it was shown that the most used part of the cannabis plant for this purpose are its seeds, with a high nutritional value because they contain 25-30% protein and oils, 30-40% fiber. In addition, extracts obtained by means of techniques such as supercritical fluid extraction, Soxhlet and dynamic maceration have been incorporated into protein bars, breads, yogurts, among others. However, the current Colombian legislation still represents an obstacle to be able to market this type of products, there are still some stigmas around cannabis and there is also a large number of scientific studies that support its use and verify its benefits. In conclusion, hemp compounds, particularly its proteins and oils, have great potential as functional ingredients in nutritional supplements. However, its implementation faces technical obstacles related to the stability and functionality of compounds as well as regulatory issues.
Avances en la detección de ketamina: Revisión sistemática
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Hernández Gaviria, María Inés; Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director); Acevedo Restrepo, Isabel (Directora)
Ketamine is a substance used both medically and recreationally, and its detection poses a challenge in clinical and forensic contexts. This systematic review aims to evaluate the approaches used to identify ketamine and its metabolites in biological matrices and beverages. A bibliographic search was carried out following the PRISMA Declaration in databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect, among others, resulting in 15 selectedstudies published between 2010 and 2025. The methods described include conventional chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS, GC-MS), as well as electrochemical, optical, and paper-based biosensors. Sensors based on molecular imprinting, aptamers, and nanostructured materials stood out for their portability, low cost, and analysis times of less than 10 minutes. Alternative matrices (saliva, hair, and adulterated beverages) demonstrated significant advances in sensitivity, specificity, and in situ applicability. However, challenges remain in validation and standardization processes. It is concluded that methodological diversity enables broader and more timely ketamine detection, with implications for public health, justice, and the prevention of drug-facilitated crimes. Keywords: Biological matrices; biosensors
Metodologías para la detección de cocaína en sangre: una revisión sistemática
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Ortega Losada, María Fernanda; Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director); Acevedo Restrepo, Isabel (Directora)
The detection of cocaine and its metabolites in blood is of great clinical and forensic relevance due to the toxicological, legal, and public health implications associated with its use. This systematic review analyzes the most commonly used methodologies for such detection, highlighting liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), immunoassays, and emerging techniques such as nanoparticle-based potentiometric sensors. A search was conducted in recognized scientific databases, applying inclusion and exclusion criteria defined under the PRISMA 2020 declaration. From the selected articles, information was extracted on the sensitivity, specificity, advantages, limitations, and applicability of each method. Although LC-MS/MS remains the standard due to its high accuracy, alternative methods useful in specific contexts were identified.
Síntesis y caracterización de mezclas de carbón activado y bentonita para la remoción in-vitro de ketoconazol en aguas.
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Grey Rios, Ana Lizeth; Santibañez Soto, María Camila; Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director)
Water contamination by pharmaceutical substances, such as ketoconazole, is a significant environmental challenge. In this study, the adsorption of ketoconazole on a mixture of activated carbon and bentonite in proportions of 100%, 80/20% and 50/50%, chemically activated with phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄) for 24 h and 1 h intervals, was evaluated. Then, the materials were characterized by Boehm titration, IR spectroscopy and zero charge point (pHZPC). The results showed that the 50/50% CA/BE mixture presented the highest adsorption of ketoconazole, with a removal of 59.5% ± 0.8 in UV spectrophotometry. In addition, statistical analysis (ANOVA and Tukey test) showed that 24 h activation with H₃PO₄ improved the adsorption. It is concluded from the study that the combination of activated carbon and bentonite improves the removal efficiency of ketoconazole in water, highlighting pHZPC as a key factor for adsorption.
Detección de medicamentos falsificados por espectroscopia en el infrarrojo cercano: “revisión sistemática”
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Narvaez Torres, Lisveth Rocio; Ríos Acevedo, Jhon Jairo (Director)
Drug counterfeiting is a growing threat to public health worldwide, and it is estimated that between 10% and 50% of drugs used in low- and middle-income countries may be counterfeit. In light of this challenge, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR spectroscopy) has emerged as a promising tool for the rapid and nondestructive detection of counterfeit drugs. In this study, we systematically reviewed recent literature (2017-2024) on the application of NIR spectroscopy for drug authentication and analyzed its advantages, limitations, and technological developments. The methodology included a comprehensive search of academic databases and applied rigorous selection criteria to ensure the quality and relevance of the included studies. The evaluation took into account, among other things, trial design, sample size, types of drugs analyzed and validation methods. The results show that the NIR method is effective in detecting different types of counterfeit drugs, such as antibiotics and analgesics. The combination of NIR with advanced data analysis methods, such as machine learning and artificial neural networks, has significantly improved the accuracy of drug ingredient identification and quantification. Challenges associated with formulation and packaging variability and strategies to reduce them, such as the use of spectral preprocessing techniques, will be discussed. The miniaturization of NIR instruments and their integration with other spectroscopic techniques will increase their usefulness in resource-limited environments.
Monitoreo de la liberación de fármaco en cemento óseo de polimetilmetacrilato antiviral mediante espectroscopia de impedancia electroquímica.
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Peñaranda Lopera, Isabella; Morales Morales, Jimmy Alexander (Director)
Herpes viruses (herpes simplex, varicella zoster, cytomegalovirus) are the main cause of a wide variety of human infections. Although the development of effective antiviral agents against infections caused by herpes viruses has been slow until the last decade, the production of acyclovir delivery systems is a promising alternative. Since the drug is administered directly to the affected region, the use of drug delivery systems is a good way to deliver the right amount of drug to the patient's body at an appropriate dose. Current instrumental techniques for estimating drug delivery, such as HPLC and UV-Vis, have some drawbacks, such as lack of accuracy and sample loss after characterization. In order to study in vitro the release of an antiviral drug Acyclovir f rom bone cement, considering the reduction of the amount of sample used to determine the percentage of Acyclovir released and the use of a non-destructive technique with high sensitivity, the present work shows the possibility of in situ monitoring of the release of Acyclovir in bone cement by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
Revisión sistemática: Efectos farmacológicos y consecuencias por el uso de cannabinoides sintéticos
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Quiñones Gembuel, Luisa María; Oñate Garzón, José Fernando (Director)
The present systematic review analyzes the pharmacological effects and risks associated with the use of synthetic cannabinoids, which offer several key benefits, particularly in medical settings where precise dosage control and legal regulation are essential. Focusing on research published between 2018 and 2025. The research covers both the therapeutic potential and toxicological implications of these compounds. Therefore, 120 studies selected after a rigorous inclusion and exclusion process were reviewed. The results show that synthetic cannabinoids, although they mimic the properties of phytocannabinoids, have a lower safety profile, which means that they can cause more serious and varied adverse effects such as cognitive alterations, damage to the central nervous system and more powerful psychoactive effects.
Cannabis medicinal en el tratamiento alternativo del insomnio crónico en pacientes polimedicados: Una revisión sistemática
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Canas Rodríguez, Sebastian; Rojas Barreto, Julián Alonso (Director)
Chronic insomnia represents a significant public health problem which affects the quality of life of a considerable proportion of the population. This condition is exacerbated in patients taking multiple medications, who frequently seek alternatives to conventional treatments to minimize adverse effects. In this context, medicinal cannabis has emerged as a promising therapeutic option due to its potential to improve sleep quality. A systematic review was developed following PRISMA guidelines, which included an exhaustive search in electronic databases. The characteristics of the studies, population, interventions and results were analyzed, evaluating the methodological quality using specific tools for clinical trials and observational studies. The main compounds in cannabis, THC and CBD, were found to interact with the endocannabinoid system to regulate sleep patterns. THC showed sedative effects, while CBD showed benefits in treating insomnia by reducing anxiety and stress, contributing factors to sleep disorders. CBD has shown particular promise for its anxiolytic properties and ability to improve sleep quality without the psychoactive effects characteristic of THC. It was concluded that more rigorous clinical trials are needed to establish specific recommendations on the use of medicinal cannabis in the treatment of chronic insomnia, emphasizing the importance of a personalized approach.
Evaluación de la actividad antimicrobiana de colistina encapsulada en nanopartículas de quitosano frente a bacterias extremadamente drogo resistentes
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2023) Barrera Vélez, Alejandro-Programa Química Farmacéutica ; Pacheco Sierra, Fabian Alexander-Programa Microbiología; Oñate Garzón, José Fernando; Polo Cerón, Dorian
Antibiotics are a crucial tool in the fight against bacterial infections, both in humans and animals. However, inappropriate use of these drugs has led to bacteria adapting and developing resistance to them, as is the case of P. aeruginosa bacteria, which has multiple ways of resisting even last-line antibiotics, such as colistin. This antimicrobial polypeptide is effective against gram-negative bacteria, but it has nephrotoxic side effects and its efficacy is decreasing against P. aeruginosa. To address this global problem, new techniques have been developed to improve the antimicrobial activity of existing antibiotics. One such technique is the encapsulation of colistin in a natural polymer called chitosan, which improves drug dispersion and increases its activity against bacteria. Recent studies evaluated the performance of chitosan nanoparticles loaded with antibiotics to treat bacterial resistance. The results indicated a significant decrease in bacterial antimicrobial activity, suggesting that the chitosan encapsulation technique could be a promising alternative for the treatment of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. To determine this, the performance of chitosan nanoparticles loaded with colistin was synthesized, characterized and evaluated against 2 strains of P. aeruginosa, one sensitive and the other extremely resistant to colistin; obtaining as a result a decrease in the microbial activity (going from growth at colistin concentration of 16 µ/mL to 4 µ/mL) of extremely resistant P. aeruginosa

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