Química Farmacéutica
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Item Evaluación de los efectos de los polifenoles provenientes del extracto de quinua (chenopodium quinua) y del extracto de romero (salvia rosmarinus), en una mascarilla para la reparación y fortalecimiento de la hebra capilar(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025-10-10) Mesa González, Yamileth; Realpe Fernández, Marcela; Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director); Miller Peluffo, John Alexander (Director)This research aims to evaluate the effects of polyphenols extracted from quinoa and rosemary in a hair mask intended for hair repair and strengthening. The main motivation lies in the need to find natural and less toxic alternatives to conventional hair products, which often contain chemicals harmful to health and the environment. Ethanolic extracts were obtained from quinoa and rosemary through maceration and ultrasound-assisted technique, subsequently a hair mask was formulated and its initial physicochemical properties were evaluated, initially obtaining the following results: pH = 4.5 ± 0.01, viscosity = 301200 ± 6 cp. and organoleptic (herbal smell, beige color, soft, consistent and lump-free texture), results compliant compared to the standard (see Table 2); After stability testing, the following average final results were obtained over a period of 4 weeks: pH (6 ° C) = 4.70 ± 0.18; pH (25 ° C) = 4.5 ± 0.00; pH (40 ° C) = 4.43 ± 0.05; pH (50 ° C) = 4.40 ± 0.14 and viscosity (6 ° C) = 313400 ± 4255 cp; viscosity (25 ° C) = 301550 ± 412 cp; viscosity (40 ° C) = 291100 ± 1208 cp; viscosity (50 ° C) = 248425 ± 32850 cp; Finally, the variability in the stability test for pH was 2.06 and for viscosity 3.78, indicating that there are no statistically significant differences in pH and viscosity values across the different temperatures. Likewise, at 40 °C, the hair product maintained its physical and chemical properties throughout the stability study, demonstrating effectiveness in hair repair and strengthening.Item Análisis de la contaminación de evidencia traza en casos de homicidios: desafíos y perspectivas en la química forense. Revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025-11-12) Mosquera Cuchillo, María Isabel; Ocampo Chaguendo, Dennis Mauricio (Director)Trace evidence in homicide cases posed a challenge to the reliability and authenticity of forensic analyses in judicial proceedings. This study aimed to identify the factors and characteristics that contributed to this phenomenon and evaluate forensic chemistry strategies for addressing it. A systematic literature review was conducted using the PRISMA method, implementing the STROBE and CONSORT technical quality criteria. The research included databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Scielo, Redalyc, and Google Scholar, considering publications from 2013 to 2025. It was evident that trace evidence results were vulnerable to contamination due to handling and manipulation errors, environmental conditions, deficiencies in the chain of custody, and secondary transfer. Similarly, it was observed that technologies such as high-resolution mass spectrometry and next-generation sequencing increased the accuracy and sensitivity of the analyses, but also further highlighted the impact of contamination.Item Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Resolución acoplada a Espectrometría de Masas como técnica analítica para la detección y monitoreo de Ketamina y sus metabolitos en análisis forense: Una revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025-11-12) Torres García, Manuel Alejandro; Ocampo Chaguendo, Dennis Mauricio (Director)The increase in recreational use and abuse of ketamine, as well as the identification of its metabolites in illicit contexts, has generated challenges in accurate detection for forensic analysis. This study aimed to systematically review the advantages and limitations of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HPLC/MS) in the identification of ketamine and its metabolites in biological matrices. A systematic review was conducted following the guidelines of the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI), with searches in PubMed, ScienceDirect, SCOPUS, Springer Journal, and SciELO (2020–2025). 47 studies were included after applying inclusion/exclusion criteria and assessing methodological quality. The results showed that HPLC/MS stands out for its high sensitivity (detection limits down to 1 ng/mL), specificity, and capacity to analyze multiple metabolites in complex samples such as blood, urine, and hair. However, technical limitations have been identified, such as the structural similarity between norketamine and dehydronorketamine, which require optimized MS/MS fragmentation protocols to avoid false positives. Furthermore, the technique demonstrated will be fundamental in strengthening forensic surveillance systems and generating evidence for public health policies. It was concluded that, although HPLC/MS is an indispensable tool in forensic toxicology, its effectiveness depends on the standardization of methods and integration with collaborative databases.Item Cromatografía liquida acoplada a espectrometría de masas en tándem (LC-MS/MS) para la detección de fentanilo en muestras biológicas de orina y cabello humano, revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025-11-12) Torres García, Estefanía; Ocampo Chaguendo, Dennis Mauricio (Director)The global increase in the consumption of illicit drugs, particularly synthetic opioids such as fentanyl, has created a public health crisis. In Colombia, there has been a rise in seizures and deaths related to fentanyl in recent years. This study aims to evaluate the advantages and limitations of liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) for the detection of fentanyl in biological samples such as urine and hair. A systematic review was conducted following guidelines established by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI), using databases such as PubMed, Taylor & Francis, ScienceDirect, Springer, and Oxford. Fifty articles in English and Spanish, published between 2019 and 2025, were included. The results showed that LC–MS/MS has gained notable relevance due to its analytical advantages, including high sensitivity, high throughput, rapid turnaround time, and a wide detection range. This method can detect and analyze multiple analytes simultaneously, which is a major advantage for the analysis of fentanyl and its metabolites in biological matrices such as urine (LOD 0.05–2 ng/mL) and hair (LOD 0.05–1.5 pg/mg). It was concluded that LC–MS/MS can help professionals make informed decisions and act in a timely manner when detecting fentanyl in biological samples, thereby supporting the development of prevention strategies in response to the increasing use of this substance.Item Formas farmacéuticas, dosis, mecanismos de acción y aplicaciones clínicas de los probióticos en humanos: revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025-12-09) Botache Pulgarin, Valeria; González Vargas, Iván Andrés (Director); Corredor Sáenz, Viviana Catalina (Directora)The use of probiotics in human health has gained great relevance in recent years due to their potential to modulate the gut microbiota and act as therapeutic adjuvants in various diseases. However, there are still important challenges related to the lack of standardization in the doses administered, the selection of specific strains, the dosage forms used and the duration of treatments, which hinders comparison between studies and the consolidation of clinical guidelines, limiting their clinical application and acceptance by health professionals. where, in addition, the lack of consensus and heterogeneity in international regulations on the use of probiotics prevent effective integration into health systems. In this context, a review of the literature published between 2020 and 2025 was carried out, with the purpose of consolidate scientific evidence around four central categories: doses, dosage forms, mechanisms of action, and treatments in specific diseases. The search included controlled clinical trials, pilot studies and experimental work in humans, guaranteeing the inclusion of primary sources of greater scientific rigor, with which this work contributes to strengthening the evidence base in a field of growing interest for pharmaceutical and clinical research.Item Degradación de la psilocina en matrices biológicas: implicaciones toxicológicas forenses y estrategias de detección. Una revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago De Cali, 2025-11-12) Gordillo Rojas, Sebastián David; Ocampo Chaguendo, Dennis Mauricio (Director)Psilocin, the active metabolite of psilocybin, has gained relevance in forensic toxicology due to its involvement in cases associated with the consumption of psychoactive mushrooms. Its marked chemical and biological instability poses a significant challenge in sample analysis, compromising the detection and quantification of the analyte during preservation and storage. This review aimed to systematically examine the scientific evidence on the factors that affect the stability of psilocin in biological matrices and the strategies used for its proper preservation and detection in forensic contexts. To conclude, the PRISMA statement guidelines were followed in conducting the systematic review. Literature published between 2000 and 2024 was reviewed through searches in PubMed, Scopus, SciELO, Springer Journal, and ScienceDirect. The findings indicate that oxidation, photodegradation, enzymatic activity, and temperature conditions influence the loss of the compound. In addition, the use of preservatives such as ascorbic acid, immediate freezing of samples, and the use of confirmatory techniques such as LC-MS/MS were identified as key measures to reduce degradation and ensure reliable results. In conclusion, the stability and detection of psilocin in matrices such as blood, urine, plasma, and hair depend on strict conditions and standardized protocols that support the validity of forensic toxicology reports.Item Mejora de la administración del Cannabis Medicinal mediante nanotecnología: Optimización de parámetros Farmacocinéticos y Farmacodinámicos para aumento de la biodisponibilidad - Revisión Sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025-07-05) Santa Florez, Nerlin Julieth; Rojas Barreto, Julián Alonso (Director)Medical cannabis has emerged as a promising therapeutic alternative for treating various diseases, primarily due to the pharmacological potential of its main active compounds: tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). However, its clinical use is limited by poor water solubility, chemical instability, variable absorption, and extensive first-pass hepatic metabolism. These pharmacological barriers hinder effective and standardized dosing, reducing therapeutic efficacy and limiting broader clinical application. To address these challenges, nanotechnology has gained prominence as a transformative tool in the development of novel drug delivery systems for cannabinoids. This systematic review analyzes the latest advances in nanotechnological formulations applied to medical cannabis, focusing on their effects on solubility, stability, pharmacokinetics, and bioavailability. Key systems explored include nanoemulsions, lipid-based nanoparticles, and controlled release platforms, all of which have demonstrated improved cannabinoid absorption, distribution, and therapeutic action. The review also examines comparative studies between conventional and nanotechnology-enhanced formulations, highlighting superior performance in terms of bioavailability and clinical effectiveness. Overall, the evidence suggests that nanotechnology offers a promising strategy to overcome the inherent pharmacological limitations of cannabinoids, enhancing both patient outcomes and treatment reliability. This approach not only improves therapeutic efficacy but also opens the door to safer, more precise, and patient- centered medical cannabis therapies in the future.Item Formulaciones para formas farmacéuticas de liberación modificada de Nifedipino: Revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025-11-28) Diaz Urcué, Yoly Stefhania; Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director)This work focused on the problem of the low bioavailability of Nifedipine, due to its poor aqueous solubility and that it has a first-pass hepatic metabolism. The objective was to analyze Nifedipine formulations in various articles, evaluating the impact of excipients in controlled-release formulations, considering their impact on drug safety and efficacy, in order to identify formulation options that offer the best results. The methodology was a literature review in experimental studies that analyzed modified-release formulations of Nifedipine, in articles published between 2017 and 2024 in the PubMed, ScienceDirect, Springer Link, Scopus, Redalyc, SciELO, Biomed Central, ACS Publications, SAGE Journals, Taylor & Francis databases. The findings indicated that polymer-based formulations, such as HPMC, achieved sustained release controls with zero-order kinetic profiles and long-term stability, improving bioavailability and reducing unwanted effects. In addition, it was shown that innovative systems, such as dissolving microneedles and pH-sensitive systems, were able to prevent liver metabolism and adapt to particular physiological conditions, allowing for a more effective and personalized drug delivery. In conclusion, modified-release formulations, in particular polymeric matrices and pulsatile systems, were effective solutions to overcome the restrictions of Nifedipine, these formulations allowed the future use of personalized applications that optimize the therapy of cardiovascular disorders, with possible advantages in safety, effectiveness and compliance.Item Métodos de fabricación de formas farmacéuticas sólidas para liberación modificada de clorhidrato de Diltiazem: Revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago De Cali, 2025-12-04) Troches Mafla, Estefanía; Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director)Diltiazem is a widely used drug for the treatment of arterial hypertension and angina pectoris. It is generally formulated as solid pharmaceutical dosage forms and, in some cases, in combination with other active pharmaceutical ingredients, such as metoclopramide. However, it exhibits relevant pharmacokinetic limitations, particularly a short half-life (3–4.5 hours), which requires frequent administration to maintain therapeutic plasma concentrations. These characteristics have driven the development of modified-release formulations as a key strategy to optimize its therapeutic profile, enabling reduced dosing frequency, minimizing plasma level fluctuations, decreasing adverse effects, and improving patient adherence. In this work, recent research on modified-release formulations of diltiazem hydrochloride and their manufacturing methods is reviewed. Various solid dosage forms have been identified, including microspheres, nanotubes, triple-layer tablets, mucoadhesive matrices, capsules, microparticles, and osmotic tablets. Similarly, general manufacturing techniques are described, highlighting direct compression, wet granulation, lyophilization, microencapsulation, emulsification, gelation, spray-drying, and melt granulation. Advances in these strategies have demonstrated significant progress in optimizing the release of diltiazem hydrochloride, enhancing its absorption and bioavailability, and providing alternatives that may improve therapeutic efficacy and patient adherence in clinical practice.Item Eficacia de los cannabinoides en el tratamiento del glaucoma en comparación con latanoprost: “Revisión sistemática”(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-02-12) Yip Gonzalez, Ruben Felipe; Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director)Glaucoma is a chronic eye disease affecting approximately 76 million people worldwide, one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness, characterized by progressive damage to the optic nerve. Glaucoma is related to increased intraocular pressure (IOP), where the most effective treatment at present is with latanoprost, an analogue of prostaglandins, of first choice, since it manages to reduce IOP by 25% to 33% with a daily dose, but its use leads to certain adverse effects such as conjunctival hyperemia (redness of the eye), changes in iris pigmentation, eye discomfort or superficial dotted keratitis. Similarly, interest in alternative treatments and drugs based on cannabinoids has recently increased due to their hypotensive and neuroprotective properties. Therefore, a systematic review was conducted with the aim of synthesizing the available scientific literature on the efficacy of cannabinoids compared to latanoprost in the treatment of glaucoma. We analyzed clinical and preclinical studies published between 2016 and 2024 available in databases such as PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Semantic Scholar and Google Scholar. It was found that cannabinoids, mainly tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), showed effects on IOP reduction of between 10% and 30% equivalent to 5-9 mmHg, by activation of CB1 and CB2 receptors in the ciliary body and other structures, also reduced glutamate excitotoxicity and oxidative stress in ganglion cells of the retina, but with limited duration and possible psychoactive effects. Latanoprost showed a sustained reduction in IOP with a lower profile of adverse effects, conjunctival hyperemia, iris pigmentation and eye discomfort, therefore it can be concluded that although cannabinoids have therapeutic potential, do not currently replace the efficacy of latanoprost treatment, but may be considered as a complement to the treatment if the patient agrees. Therefore, more research is needed into effective and efficient pharmaceutical formulation that does not involve the psychoactive effects of cannabinoids.Item Determinación de medicamentos psiquiátricos en muestras de sangre y orina humana por métodos instrumentales(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025-06-13) Salazar Castro, Valery; Romo Valdes, Pablo Emilio (Director)This systematic review focuses on the most effective instrumental techniques for the detection of psychiatric medications in human blood and urine samples in the field of forensic chemistry. A comprehensive search of studies published between 2019 and 2025 was conducted in databases such as PubMed, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science, following the PRISMA 2020 methodology. The review identified key methods such as dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME), volumetric absorption microsampling (VAMS), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and mass spectrometry, which are emerging as essential tools for the accurate analysis of psychotropic drugs. The findings indicate that adequate detection not only improves diagnosis and treatment but also allows for the differentiation between different types of intoxication (iatrogenic, accidental, suicidal, or homicidal), which is essential in forensic contexts. In conclusion, although these techniques offer high levels of sensitivity and specificity, it is crucial to continue researching and implementing new technologies to optimize their effectiveness and minimize errors in toxicological analysis.Item Soluciones farmacéuticas para el control de enfermedades y sostenibilidad en la acuicultura: revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025-12-09) Peña Viáfara, Alexandra; González Vargas, Iván Andrés (Director)In recent decades, the expansion of aquaculture has been accompanied by an increase in bacterial diseases that affect product productivity and safety. This systematic review, based on 78 articles published between 2020 and 2025, evaluated the efficacy and limitations of alternative pharmaceutical solutions to antibiotics with an emphasis on probiotics, prebiotics, and phytotherapeutics and compared their performance with conventional antibiotic regimens in species of commercial interest (tilapia, carp, and catfish). The results show that Aeromonas hydrophila is the most frequent and impactful pathogen, with mortality rates in control groups ranging from 40% to 80%. Antibiotics maintain high clinical efficacy in controlling acute outbreaks, reducing typical mortality to values below 20–30%, but they have significant limitations: low oral bioavailability of compounds such as oxytetracycline (~0.75%), estimated environmental release of 70–80% of the administered dose, and detectable residues in muscle/skin for recorded periods of up to 14–15 days, leading to safety and sustainability issues. In contrast, preventive interventions (probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and phytotherapeutics) showed consistency in reducing mortality (survival increases of approximately 30–50% in juveniles), and in specific controlled trials, some phytotherapeutics achieved survival rates >75–90%. These findings suggest that preventive strategies are especially valuable in juvenile stages, while antibiotics remain necessary for systemic infections in adults, requiring differentiated protocols by productive stage. It is recommended to prioritize preventive and biosecurity measures, standardize formulations and doses of natural alternatives, increase PK/PD studies under real-life farming conditions, and strengthen monitoring of residues and antimicrobial resistance to ensure safer and more sustainable aquaculture.Item Revisión sistemática de estrategias terapéuticas, farmacológicas y microbianas para mejorar la microbiota del tracto digestivo(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025-12-11) Sánchez Mera, Juana Valentina; Echeverry Martínez, Jhon Jairo (Director)In recent years, gut microbiota manipulation has been established as an essential component of therapies and preventive measures to preserve health and treat various systemic diseases. The purpose of the current systematic review, developed following PRISMA guidelines, was to examine the most relevant therapeutic, pharmacological, and microbial strategies employed between 2020 and 2025 to restore the balance of the gut ecosystem and their impact on immunological, neurological, metabolic, and gastrointestinal pathologies. A comprehensive search of global databases was conducted, selecting studies that analyzed interventions with synbiotics, probiotics, nonabsorbable antibiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). The findings indicated that multi-strain probiotics were useful for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), increasing bowel frequency and decreasing abdominal pain by 44%. FMT has been shown to be highly effective in recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection, with a cure rate of 89%. These interventions have significantly reduced BMI, HbA1c levels, and body weight in metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and obesity. It was concluded that modifying the gut microbiota is an effective therapeutic strategy for various conditions. FMT was used only in complex or refractory cases, while probiotics emerged as the most widely used intervention due to their safety, accessibility, and versatility. To improve clinical outcomes, individualized selection based on the specific characteristics of the patient and their disease was essential.Item Identificación y cuantificación de fentanilo y sus análogos mediante cromatografía líquida acoplada a espectrometría de masas de alta resolución en muestras forenses: Una revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-02-09) Cerón Jiménez, Luisa Fernanda ; Ocampo Chaguendo, Dennis Mauricio (Director)Fentanyl and its analogues pose a major analytical challenge in forensic toxicology due to their high potency and the constant emergence of new substances. This monograph aimed to analyze the scientific literature on the identification and quantification of these synthetic opioids by liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrophotometry (LC-HRMS) in forensic samples. The methodology was based on a systematic review of the literature following the PRISMA guidelines, which made it possible to compare analytical techniques, biological matrices and reported methodological capabilities. The results show that, although methodologies such as LC-MS/MS present high sensitivity for known compounds, LC-HRMS provides significant advantages for the detection of emerging analogues through non-directed approaches and retrospective analysis. Finally, LC-HRMS is a complementary and fundamental tool to strengthen the forensic analysis of fentanyl and its analogues.Item Implementación de una estrategia de medicamentos trazadores para la detección de reacciones adversas a medicamentos (RAM) en la Clínica Cali(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025-12-04) Narváez Hoyos, Maria Fernanda; Angarita Rodríguez, Elizabeth; Echeverry Martínez, Jhon Jairo (Director)The study aimed to implement an active pharmacovigilance strategy using tracer medications to strengthen the detection of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) at Clínica Cali, to overcome the limitations of underreporting in the spontaneous reporting system. A quasi-experimental before-and-after study was conducted, comparing the baseline period (January-March 2025) with the intervention period (April-July 2025). A list of tracer medications was selected for their ability to act as indirect indicators of potential adverse reactions. The strategy consisted of a weekly review of dispensations in the institutional system (SIIS) and a causality assessment using the Naranjo algorithm. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Fisher's exact test to compare ADR rates between periods. The results demonstrated a significant increase in ADR detection, increasing from a rate of 1.94 to 9.58 per 1,000 hospitalized patients (p = 0.00026; OR = 4.99). Twenty-four ADRs were identified using the active strategy, compared to 7 reported using traditional methods. Most ADRs were probable (87.5%), with dipyrone being the most implicated drug and rash being the most frequent reaction. The implementation of active pharmacovigilance with tracer drugs proved to be a highly effective and viable strategy for significantly increasing ADR detection in a tertiary care hospital in Colombia. This methodology stands as an essential tool for strengthening institutional patient safety programs and generating local evidence for clinical and therapeutic decision-making.Item Desarrollo de una suspensión oral como formulación magistral para la administración de losartan en pacientes geriátricos con problemas de deglución(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025-11-07) Chagüeza Sánchez, José Manuel; Llanos Valdes, Juan Camilo; Echeverry Martínez, Jhon Jairo (Director); Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director)This research emerged from observing the difficulty many older adults face in adhering to losartan tablet therapy, leading us to develop a magistral formulation as an alternative. Our goal was to provide students, professors, professionals at Universidad Santiago de Cali, and external stakeholders with a practical reference guide for compounding losartan suspension targeting 50 mg per tablespoon. We adapted a Brazilian study's formula to available resources at our university and locally accessible materials. Diabetic-friendly excipients were prioritized due to seniors' susceptibility to this condition, notably using stevia as a sweetening vehicle and carboxymethylcellulose as a suspending agent. The formulation underwent physicochemical, microbiological, and organoleptic stability testing. Results showed good initial appearance, stability under refrigeration, and significant alterations under thermal stress (including aroma loss, pH reduction, and viscosity changes). Refrigerated storage best preserved critical parameters, confirming the formulation's success with final pH 5.96 and viscosity 158.00 cP. The 3.33 mg/mL losartan concentration delivers a daily dose equivalent to a standard 50 mg tablet, fulfilling therapeutic requirements.Item Validación del método de análisis por HPLC – PDA para la prueba analítica de determinación del límite de sustancias relacionadas de Etilefrina HCl solución inyectable(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-02-10) Lizcano Flórez, Andrea Yulieth; Palacios Rubio, Karen Elena; Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director)In this project, an HPLC analytical method was validated for the determination of the limit of related substances in Ethylephrine HCl injectable solution. The study was carried out in a pharmaceutical company, optimizing the available analytical resources. The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) and the British Pharmacopoeia (BP) were used as reference standards, serving as the basis for establishing an in-house method. The validation assays demonstrated that the method meets the established parameters. The method showed adequate specificity and selectivity, evidenced through forced degradation studies under acidic, basic, oxidative, thermal, and photolytic conditions, with no interference at the retention time of the main analyte (8.7 min). The limit of detection was demonstrated for Ethylephrine Hydrochloride (0.000016 mg/mL) and Impurity A (0.000005 mg/mL), obtaining signal-to-noise ratios between 5 and 10 and %RSD values below 12%. Method robustness was confirmed under controlled variations in flow rate (±1%), temperature (±2 °C), pH (±0.05), and mobile phase composition (±10%), while maintaining compliance with system suitability criteria. In addition, reference and sample solutions demonstrated stability for up to 42 hours under both ambient (20–25 °C) and refrigerated (2–8 °C) conditions, with recoveries within 100% ± 8%. Overall, the results confirm that the validated method is specific, sensitive, robust, and reliable, in compliance with the ICH Q2 (R2) guideline, and is suitable for routine quality control application and stability studies of the finished product.Item Comparación estadística de las técnicas analíticas de espectroscopia de Absorción Atómica Horno de Grafito (AAS-GF) y espectroscopia de emisión atómica de plasma acoplado inductivamente (ICP-OES) para la determinación de Arsénico en Vinagre(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025-11-20) Saldarriaga Agamez, Christiam; Castillo Alaya, Jorge Enrique (Director)Objective: To apply the analytical techniques of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission (ICP-OES) and graphite furnace atomic absorption (AA-GF) for the determination of arsenic in vinegar and through a statistical analysis of the coefficient of variation in the results obtained to determine the most optimal method for the quantification of arsenic in vinegar. Methods: During the configuration of the parameters for the atomic absorption equipment, the following was used as carrier gas: Argon, carrier flow: 2.0 L/min in all ramp states, except in atomization, hollow cathode lamp: Arsenic, power source: 300W, matrix modifier: Nickel, detection wavelength 103.7 nm and graphite cell. On the other hand, the configuration parameters for the inductively coupled atomic emission equipment were: plasma power source: 1500W, cooling gas flow: 10L/min, auxiliary gas flow: 0.2L/min, nebulizer gas flow: 0.7/min, torch alignment: Axial, sample flow: 1mL/min, sample introduction medium: Acidic aqueous solution with 2% nitric acid, emptying time: 20s, wavelength for Arsenic: Argon is used as carrier, cooling and auxiliary gas and detection wavelength: 189 nm. Results: Once the results were obtained, the t-test statistical model was applied to compare the results obtained in the tests, differences were found, since the two methods generate significantly different results (P<0.05), generating a coefficient of variation of 3.8% for AA and 0.5% for ICP.Item Aplicación de técnicas cromatográficas y espectrometría de masas para la identificación y cuantificación de catinonas sintéticas en muestras incautadas: Una revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-02-09) Bravo Rios, Esteban; Ocampo Chaguendo, Dennis Mauricio (Director)Synthetic cathinones or "bath salts", are powerful derivatives of the natural cathinone of the khat bush. They emerged as legal alternatives to amphetamines and MDMA, taking advantage of changes in their chemical structure to circumvent international regulations. Due to their constant molecular evolution and the emergence of positional isomers (such as 3-CMC and 4-CMC), their detection represents a critical challenge for forensic toxicology. The methodology of this review followed the PRISMA protocol, analyzing 16 studies selected from scientific databases: Nature, Oxford, PubMed, Scielo, ScienceDirect, Springer nature, Taylor & Francis and performing a grey search in the Google Schoolar database under the inclusion and exclusion criteria and in the time interval from 2019 to 2025. Gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (HPLC), coupled with mass spectrometry (MS), are the reference techniques due to their high sensitivity and molecular identification capacity. Although these tools allow complex mixtures and impregnated samples to be analysed, they face limitations such as the high cost of equipment, the need for specialized personnel and the difficulty in distinguishing isomers with identical fragmentations.Item Comparación de los algoritmos y protocolos recomendados en las terapias farmacológicas sistémicas indicadas por las guías de prácticas clínicas para el tratamiento del cáncer de mama en Colombia, Chile, Brasil, Ecuador, Venezuela, Estados Unidos, Europa y Japón: Una revisión de alcance(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025-09-29) Infante Santos, Carolina; Montealegre Sánchez, Leonel Ives (Director); González Vargas, Iván Andrés (Director)Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death among women worldwide. In 2022, 2.3 million cases were diagnosed and there were 670,000 deaths, according to the WHO. In Colombia, 93,949 cases and 4,449 deaths were recorded in 2022. Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs) are key tools for standardizing care; however, in Colombia, the 2013 CPG, partially updated in 2017, suggests that it may not reflect recent advances in diagnosis and treatment, highlighting the need for an update. This study conducted a scoping review comparing the CPGs of Colombia, Chile, Brazil, Ecuador, and Venezuela with those of the United States, Europe, and Japan, analyzing publication dates, updates, algorithms, and recommended treatments. It was found that only the guidelines of Colombia, Ecuador, and Europe include decision-making algorithms for breast cancer management. It was identified that Colombia’s CPGs are the most outdated, while Chile’s 2015 guideline has been the regional model to follow. In contrast, the guidelines of Europe and Japan are the most recent, with updates published in 2023, and the United States published in 2021, reflecting a greater commitment to scientific evidence. It is concluded that there are significant differences between the treatments recommended in the CPGs of developed countries and those recommended in the CPGs of South America, highlighting the need for updates in Colombia, Brazil, and Ecuador to improve patients’ quality of life and reduce mortality.