Química Farmacéutica
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Item Obtención de liposomas cargados con el extracto hidroalcohólico Physalis Peruviana L. para su incorporación en un parche transdérmico(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025-12-12) Benítez Daza, Ana María; Zabala Mosquera, Karen DahiannaLa Physalis peruviana L. (uchuva) es una planta herbácea de la familia Solanaceae con propiedades antiinflamatorias, atribuidas a metabolitos secundarios como withanólidos, compuestos esteroides lactónicos y flavonoides. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la presencia de dichos metabolitos mediante pruebas cualitativas y cuantitativas, obteniéndose resultados positivos en las pruebas fitoquímicas de Shinoda, fenoles totales y Liebermann–Burchard. La cuantificación por espectrofotometría UV – VIS reveló un contenido total de 7,23 mg GAE/g de polifenoles y 1,22 mg RE/g de flavonoides. Posteriormente, se formularon liposomas con extracto, alcanzando una eficiencia de encapsulación de 74,71% para polifenoles y 80,68% para flavonoides. Finalmente, se optimizó la formulación con 2% de carboximetilcelulosa para el desarrollo del parche transdérmico con carga liposomal, peso de 0,923 ± 0,094 g y espesor de 0,967 ± 0,059 mm.Item Biopelículas con extracto de Psidium guineense: innovaciòn verde para terapias antiinflamatorias(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025-12-11) Quiñones Perea Sara; Campaña Forero Joan SebastianEl proyecto investigativo tuvo como objetivo principal la elaboración, caracterización y evaluación de películas Poliméricas a base de Alginato de Sodio, Glicerol y extracto etanólico de P. guineense con una actividad antiinflamatoria potencial, seleccionado por su alto contenido de compuestos fenólicos, flavonoides y taninos, reconocidos por su capacidad antioxidante y antiinflamatoria, se optó por formularlo en biopelícula debido a que esta forma permite su aplicación tópica directa, protección del extracto y liberación controlada. Por otra parte el Alginato de sodio se eligió como polímero filmógeno ya que es biodegradable, biocompatible, no tóxico y capaz de formar matrices hidratables que retienen y liberan principios activos de manera sostenida, El extracto fue obtenido por medio de ultrasonido y se caracterizó a través de prueba fitoquímicas y cromatografía de capa delgada, confirmando la presencia de compuestos fenólicos y flavonoides, la cuantificación de estos compuestos fenólicos por medio del método de Folin-Ciocalteu. La actividad antiinflamatoria se evaluó a partir del método de inhibición de la desnaturalización de proteínas, obteniendo un 44% como resultado de inhibición para el extracto libre y un 61% para la Biopelícula, estos resultados fueron comparables al diclofenaco sódico (62%). Los hallazgos demuestran que la matriz polimérica favoreció en gran parte la liberación sostenida del extracto, conservando su bioactividad y evidenciando su potencial como sistema tópico antiinflamatorio biodegradable y de liberación controlada.Item Actividad antibacterial, antioxidante y antitumoral de la vainillina y sus derivados: Revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025-12-11) Cruz Tapasco, Daniela; Illicachi Romero, Luis Alberto (Director)La vainillina y sus derivados han despertado un notable interés en la investigación biomédica debido a su versatilidad estructural y a la posibilidad de optimizar sus propiedades mediante modificaciones químicas. En esta revisión sistemática se analizaron 68 artículos publicados entre 2015 y 2025 que evaluaron la actividad antibacteriana, antioxidante y antitumoral de estos compuestos, considerando principalmente los valores de concentración mínima inhibitoria (CMI), concentración inhibitoria media (IC₅₀), y capacidad antioxidante en ensayos DPPH y ORAC. Los resultados evidencian que diversos derivados exhiben una destacada potencia antibacteriana, alcanzando valores de CMI comparables o inferiores a antibióticos de referencia frente a patógenos de relevancia clínica, lo que respalda su potencial como agentes antimicrobianos alternativos. En el ámbito oncológico, múltiples compuestos demostraron una marcada actividad antitumoral en líneas celulares como MCF-7, HepG2, SKOV3 y A549, con IC₅₀ bajos y mecanismos de acción relacionados con el estrés oxidativo, la disfunción mitocondrial, la inhibición de la vía PI3K/AKT o la modulación de la señalización Wnt/β-catenina, confirmando que la vainillina constituye un andamiaje prometedor para el diseño de agentes quimioterapéuticos. Paralelamente, varios derivados, particularmente hidrazonas y complejos metálicos, mostraron una alta capacidad de eliminación de radicales libres en ensayos antioxidantes, lo que sugiere aplicaciones potenciales como coadyuvantes terapéuticos y en la prevención de enfermedades asociadas al estrés oxidativo. En conjunto, los hallazgos resaltan el valor de la vainillina como núcleo estructural versátil en el desarrollo de moléculas con aplicaciones multifuncionales frente a bacterias resistentes, cáncer y procesos de oxidación celular; sin embargo, la mayoría de los estudios se han realizado únicamente en modelos in vitro, lo que hace necesario avanzar hacia investigaciones in vivo y ensayos clínicos que permitan validar su eficacia y seguridad para una futura aplicación farmacológica.Item Nanopartículas como vehículos de agentes con actividad anticancerígena: Revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025-12-10) Uribe Uribe, Diego Fernando; Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director)Nanoparticles as carriers of agents with anticancer activity enhance the pharmacological action of drugs, extend their lifespan, and reduce treatment-related toxicity. Formulations based on biodegradable polymers such as chitosan, hyaluronic acid, or poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) improve stability, biocompatibility, and active targeting toward specific receptors, thereby increasing pharmacotherapeutic efficacy. However, significant limitations persist in clinical validation, primarily due to the lack of pharmacokinetic, biodistribution, and long-term toxicity data in therapeutic applications. The development of nanoparticles responsive to multiple stimuli—such as pH, light, temperature, and redox potential—enables the integration of combined therapies that reduce cytotoxicity and allow for more precise and controllable treatments, improving efficiency and decreasing cellular resistance. Controlled delivery systems ensure greater safety and a reduction in carcinogenic activity.Studies investigating nanoparticles as carriers of anticancer agents, mechanisms of action, nanosystem characterization, and therapeutic performance were reviewed. A total of 79 articles published between 2020 and 2025 were analyzed from Nature, Oxford Journals, PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, and Taylor & Francis, all of which evaluated the antitumor activity of these compounds. Nanoencapsulation systems, controlled release mechanisms, active targeting strategies, stimuli-responsive release, and targeted therapies involving hybrid, inorganic, lipidic, polymeric, and protein nanoparticles were identified. The encapsulated substances included curcumin, diosgenin, doxorubicin, plant-derived compounds, and evodiamine, highlighting their pharmacological activity in inhibiting cancer cell proliferation.The reported advances demonstrated significant progress in optimizing the use of nanoparticles as drug delivery vehicles, offering improved therapeutic efficacy and treatment adherence in clinical practice.Item Desarrollo y Validación de una metodología analítica para cuantificar Doxiciclina Hiclato en un producto sólido por la técnica de espectroscopia infrarrojo cercano(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025-12-05) Muñoz Muñoz, Jhon Stevens; Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director)This research aimed to develop and validate an analytical methodology for the quantitative determination of doxycycline hyclate in a solid pharmaceutical product using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. To this end, a multivariate calibration model was constructed using partial least squares (PLS) regression, based on data obtained by HPLC and NIR. The final model exhibited a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.9804, with calibration and prediction errors of SEC = 2.03, SEP = 1.01, and RMSEP = 1.14, demonstrating robust performance. Validation showed linearity (R = 0.995), precision with RSD < 0.5%, and accuracy with 99.5% recovery, as well as adequate robustness. The results confirm that the developed and validated NIR method is reliable for the quantification of doxycycline hyclate and constitutes a rapid, non-destructive, and sustainable alternative for pharmaceutical quality control.Item Obtención de Carbón Activado a partir del tratamiento químico de cáscaras de coco para la descontaminación in-vitro de Acetaminofén en agua(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025-11-28) Aponza Banguero, Luis Fernando; Cassiany Salgado, Karl Dionisio; Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director)This study presents the synthesis of activated carbon from coconut shells by chemical activation with phosphoric acid, as an alternative to the removal of acetaminophen in water. The process was conducted without thermal carbonization, yielding materials with an efficiency of 60.41%. To optimize the production of the adsorbent, a full factorial design (2³) was applied, allowing simultaneous evaluation of three independent variables: phosphoric acid concentration (20% and 40%), contact time (12 h and 24 h), and acid-to-precursor ratio (4:1 and 8:1). This experimental strategy enabled the identification of the most effective conditions for chemical activation. Characterization via Boehm titration and zero point of charge (pHpzc) revealed a predominance of carboxylic and phenolic groups, promoting non-electrostatic adsorption mechanisms. The evaluation of adsorption capacity showed that materials M2 and M4 achieved removal rates above 56% and adsorption capacities exceeding 4.2 mg of acetaminophen per gram of carbon, correlated with their surface acidity and low pHpzc values. Statistical analysis confirmed significant differences compared to the control material, and the factorial design identified phosphoric acid concentration and acid-to-precursor ratio as key variables influencing process efficiency. These results position the precursor impregnated with H PO without thermal activation of coconut as a viable, economical and sustainable solution for the removal of emerging contaminants. Further studies are recommended, including kinetic and thermodynamic analyses, adjustments to isotherm models, pilot tests in real matrices, and exploration of synergies with other adsorbent materials to validate industrial applications and expand its potential in diverse environmental contexts.Item Neurotoxicidad asociada al uso de los anticonvulsivantes Fenitoína y el Ácido Valproico: una revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025-10-15) Angulo Mosquera, Verónica; Ocampo Chaguendo, Dennis Mauricio (Director)Neurotoxicity induced by valproic acid (VPA) and phenytoin (PHEN) constitutes a significant clinical challenge due to its potentially irreversible impact on neurological function and quality of life. This condition is exacerbated by prolonged treatment or combination therapy, where the risk of reaching supratherapeutic plasma levels increases significantly. A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines, which included a comprehensive search of electronic databases, analyzing the characteristics of the studies in terms of population, interventions, clinical manifestations, and outcomes, and assessing methodological quality using specific tools for clinical, observational, in-vivo, and in-vitro studies, as well as forensic reports. The studies reviewed reported that neurotoxicity associated with VPA and PHEN is a multifactorial phenomenon, influenced by pharmacokinetic parameters, drug interactions, and individual susceptibility. Among the most common manifestations were ataxia, tremors, nystagmus, cognitive impairment, and encephalopathy, with greater severity in overdose cases. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), individualized dosage adjustment, and early detection through clinical and neurophysiological assessments were highlighted as effective strategies for preventing serious complications. It is concluded that the implementation of integrated monitoring and therapeutic optimization protocols is essential to reduce the risk of neurological sequelae, underscoring the need for future research to establish specific guidelines for the safe management of VPA and PHEN.Item Caracterización fitoquímica del extracto etanólico de piper hispidum y evaluación in vitro de la actividad antimicobacteriana frente a bacterias del género Mycobacterium(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Mutiz, Naren Julián; González Arias, Catalina; Hernández, Jorge Enrique (Director); Aranaga Arias, Carlos Andrés (Director)The species Piper hispidum (Family Piperaceae) is a species native to Central and South America which is associated with various pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, diuretic, antimicrobial, antifungal, healing, among others. The selection of this species for the work was based on reports of acrontimicrobial activity for plants of the piper genus. The plant material was collected in the Department of Cali, Valle del Cauca, where an ethanolic extract was prepared using the ultrasound-assisted maceration technique with a yield of 20%, where fractions of different polarities were obtained (petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, butanol and water). The extracts and their fractions were characterized Phytochemically and in relation to their in vitro activity against the strains Mycobacterium abscessus, M. fortitum, M. chelonae and M. smegmatis. The presence of phenolic groups, anthracene glycosides, coumarins, steroids and/or triterpenoids was detected, and the absence of alkaloids, saponins and cardiotonic glycosides was evident. In addition, chromatographic profiles were developed by high-efficiency liquid chromatography (HLC) of the extracts and fractions, which showed compounds of medium and high polarity. The antimycobacterial activity of the extracts and fractions was evaluated by the micro-dilution plate method, which revealed that the compounds contained in the ethanolic extract, as well as the petroleum ether and ethyl acetate fractions of Piper hispidum inhibited the growth at a concentration of 2 mg/mL against the mentioned mycobacteria and for the butanol and water fractions, growth greater than 2 mg/mL was evident.Item Análisis químico de bebidas adulteradas con Benzodiazepinas: una revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025-10-18) Peña Burgos, Ana Sofia; Ocampo Chaguendo, Dennis Mauricio (Director)Chemical subjugation through the adulteration of beverages with benzodiazepines (BDZ) represented a significant public health and safety problem, associated with an increase in reported cases in recreational and social settings. This phenomenon was linked to the ability of BDZ to induce sedation, amnesia, and loss of consciousness, facilitating the commission of crimes without resistance from the victims. A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines, which included a comprehensive search of electronic databases, analyzing studies based on the adulterated beverage, the BDZ used, and the instrumental techniques applied for its detection. The included reports showed a marked preference for alcoholic beverages as a vehicle for adulteration, attributed to their ability to mask the bitter taste of BDZ and synergistically enhance their depressing effects on the central nervous system. Soft drinks, juices, and tea were found to a lesser extent, while water, coffee, and milk were marginally used due to their organoleptic and contextual limitations. Pharmacologically, diazepam was the most commonly used BDZ, followed by clonazepam, alprazolam, and flunitrazepam, due to its availability, potency, and favorable pharmacokinetic profile. In the analytical field, chromatographic techniques coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS, LC-MS/MS, UHPLCHRMS) have established themselves as reference methodologies for forensic confirmation due to their high sensitivity, specificity, and robustness. At the same time, portable technologies such as Raman spectroscopy, SERS, and various biosensors have emerged as useful complementary tools for in-situ screening, especially in operational contexts that require speed and accessibility. In this sense, the strategic integration of high-resolution confirmatory methodologies with rapid field detection devices is a fundamental pillar for optimizing forensic response and strengthening social prevention efforts against crimes associated with chemical subjugation.Item Técnicas de Análisis de ADN nuclear y mitocondrial en cabellos y uñas en la investigación forense: Una revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025-11-12) Muñoz Giraldo, Natalia; Ocampo Chagüendo, Dennis Mauricio (Director)Forensic genetics has become an essential tool for human identification through DNA analysis. In the absence of fluids such as blood or saliva, hair and nails represented valuable alternative samples due to their resistance to degradation and availability in post-mortem cases. A systematic review of literature published between 2010 and 2025 was conducted. In the initial search, 6,525 articles were identified, which, after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria and rigorous evaluation, were reduced to 30 studies. These studies addressed techniques for DNA extraction, analysis, and application in hair and nail samples within the forensic field. The results showed that hair with the hair follicle allowed for the recovery of nuclear DNA and highly discriminating STR profiles. In the absence of a follicle, analysis was limited to mitochondrial DNA, which has a lower capacity for individualization. Fingernails, although containing less endogenous DNA, retained exogenous DNA in violent contexts, providing key information for identifying perpetrators. The main limitations included the low amount of nuclear DNA, fragmentation of the material, and the risk of contamination. However, advanced techniques such as miniSTRs, SNPs, and massive parallel sequencing (NGS) made it possible to recover genetic information from degraded samples, increasing the reliability of the analyzes. In conclusion, the study demonstrated that hair and nail analysis has become a strategic alternative in forensic genetics. Under standardized protocols and with the support of modern technologies, these samples yielded reliable results, expanding the possibilities for human identification in scenarios where soft tissues or bodily fluids were unavailable.Item Desarrollo y evaluación de una formula cosmética de fabricación artesanal de forma barra jabonosa a base de peróxido de benzoílo para la limpieza y el control del acné(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025-09-29) Quintero Hincapié, Henry Mauricio; Ramírez Rico, Diana Carolina; Miller Peluffo, Jhon Alexander (Director); Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director)Benzoyl peroxide has established itself as an effective therapy for the treatment of acne since its discovery in 1929. Currently, it is available in various commercial presentations, such as creams, gels, soap bars and syndets, which allows it to be adapted to the needs and preferences of each user. In order to offer an innovative and practical option, a cosmetic formula in the form of a bar containing 2.5% benzoyl peroxide was developed and evaluated. This product is specially designed for those who seek to care for and maintain adequate control of acne-related disorders, providing an effective and convenient alternative for their daily care routine. Three prototypes of 2.5% benzoyl peroxide sticks were developed using different solvents: 96% potable ethyl alcohol, propylene glycol and glycerin. These prototypes were subjected to extensive analysis to evaluate organoleptic (color, odor and appearance), physicochemical (pH, moisture content and free alkali content) and microbiological quality parameters. Tests were conducted under natural stability conditions, with a temperature of 30 ± 2 °C and a relative humidity of 75 ± 5%, at intervals of 0, 15 and 30 days, using samples packed in cardboard folding cartons. The results showed that there were no significant changes in color, odor, pH, free alkali content or bacterial growth in any of the prototypes. However, slight variations in moisture and texture of the bars were observed. These findings confirmed that, under controlled conditions of temperature (30 ± 2 °C) and relative humidity (75 ± 5%), the benzoyl peroxide cosmetic bar made with alcoholic solvent and packaged in cardboard folding carton maintained its stability during the 30 days evaluated, complying with the established quality parameters. This study supports the viability of this formulation as an effective and stable option for acne care.Item El papel de los inmunoensayos en la detección de drogas y venenos, perspectivas forenses: Una revisión sistémica(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025-07-01) Bolaños Gómez, Julieth Andrea; Ocampo Chaguendo, Dennis Mauricio (Director)This systematic review covers the use of immunoassays in the detection of drugs and poisons within the forensic field, highlighting their value as important tools for rapid and effective diagnoses. Methods such as ELISA, immunochromatography, and fluorescence polarization assays are frequently used for their ability to detect substances with high sensitivity and specificity in biological samples such as blood, urine, or saliva. Although these methods offer multiple advantages, they also have certain limitations; for example, they can be affected by the complexity of biological matrices and require the constant development of specific antibodies for new psychoactive substances appearing on the market. The studies analyzed show that these immunoassays achieve high levels of precision and accuracy, reflected in low standard deviations, coefficients of variation below 15%, and recovery rates above 90%. These results demonstrate that these techniques are reliable and capable of quantifying minimal concentrations of analytes, even in difficult matrices such as blood or urine.Item Validación del método analítico por cromatografía de gases para la cuantificación de acetaldehído en ácido acético natural usado en la industria farmacéutica(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025-10-09) Cañas Cabrera, Jeniffer Sofía; Castillo Ayala, Jorge Enrique (Director)A gas chromatography method with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) was developed and validated for the quantification of acetaldehyde as an impurity in natural acetic acid. The validation followed USP <1225>, AOAC (2016), and ISO/IEC 17025 guidelines, assessing parameters such as selectivity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), linearity, accuracy, precision (repeatability and intermediate precision), and residual analysis. The method exhibited excellent linearity in the range of 0.0021 to 0.0069 % w/w, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9997. Recovery values ranged from 104.5% to 108.3%, meeting AOAC acceptance criteria for the concentration range studied. Residual analysis confirmed the statistical validity of the linear model. Precision showed coefficients of variation below 5%. In conclusion, the method is sensitive, accurate, precise, robust, and suitable for quality control of natural acetic acid.Item Efectos en la salud de las interacciones toxicológicas de la cocaína adulterada con Levamisol en Colombia: revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025-09-29) Medina Melo, Daniela; Ocampo Chaguendo, Dennis Mauricio (Director)The adulteration of cocaine with levamisole has become a growing global and public health problem in Colombia. This systematic review compiles the health effects derived from this toxicological interaction with levamisole, a veterinary anthelmintic, which increases the volume of the drug and enhances its effects (Solomon, N., et al., 2017). Through a systematic review using databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, among others, several clinical cases were compiled, in which the most serious adverse effect was determined to be vasculitis. The results also highlighted that Medellín is the city with the highest number of reported clinical cases due to this toxicological interaction. The contribution of this work is the confirmation of a recurring clinical picture associated with the use of the cocaine- levamisole mixture (vasculitis, agranulocytosis, neutropenia, skin necrosis). However, the search also considered the possibility of finding other less documented adverse effects such as renal, systemic vascular, pulmonary or neurological involvement (described in some international reports).Item Obtención del extracto de aloe vera e incorporación en una base líquida de maquillaje, para la protección, hidratación y cuidado de la piel(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Aldana Wilches, Paula Andrea; Hernández Caro, Gerson Julián; Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director); Miller Peluffo, Jhon Alexander (Director)The current cosmetics industry offers product lines on the market that lead women to use cosmetics, which directly affect the skin due to the variety of chemical components used in their formulation. The main unwanted effects on the skin due to makeup are the appearance of acne, dermatitis, premature wrinkles, among others, generating deterioration of the skin. In view of this current problem, a liquid makeup base with Aloe Vera extract is offered that provides a series of benefits to the skin, including reducing the risk of damage due to the presence of harmful compounds. In the present research work, it was possible to verify that Aloe Vera extract contains 31.81 mg/100mL of polysaccharides expressed as glucose equivalent and antioxidant activity both in the pure extract (28,37% ± 2,74%) and in the 70% diluted extract (29,85% ± 2,91%). However, it did not present antioxidant activity in the finished product (makeup base with Aloe Vera extract).Item Efectos toxicológicos de los opioides en contexto de abuso: Revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Lombo Pastrana, Lina Isabel; Ocampo Chaguendo, Dennis Mauricio (Director)Non-medical opioid use is a global public health problem associated with high morbidity and mortality, particularly from overdose and systemic complications. In recent decades, the abuse of these substances has shown a sustained increase, driven by their availability, recreational use, and, in some cases, inappropriate prescription. The present study aimed to identify and analyze the toxicological effects of opioids in contexts of abuse, based on recent scientific evidence. A systematic review was conducted following the guidelines of the PRISMA 2020 statement, with search criteria in databases such as Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, and SciELO, selecting articles published between 2020 and 2024, in English and Spanish, that addressed clinical cases, observational studies, and cohort analyses related to intoxication, overdose, or complications resulting from opioid use. Twenty studies were included that provided evidence on co-ingestion of substances, illicit market variability, estimation of naloxone requirements, clinical management with buprenorphine, harm reduction strategies, and therapeutic vaccine development. The findings show that acute opioid toxicity can range from mild symptoms to severe conditions requiring immediate intervention, including central nervous system depression, respiratory complications, and opioid- induced leukoencephalopathy (Shastry et al., 2024; Bansari, 2024; Ramawad et al., 2024). Combined use with other CNS depressants, such as benzodiazepines, gabapentinoids, or methamphetamine, increases the risk of severe adverse events and mortality (Bhara et al., 2024; Duhart et al., 2022; Larnder et al., 2022; Smith et al., 2023). Early interventions, supervised consumption settings, access to naloxone, and buprenorphine management strategies have been shown to be effective in reducing complications and the risk of abuse (Chong et al., 2020; Chhabra et al., 2020; Irvine et al., 2022). In conclusion, the review highlights the need to strengthen strategies for prevention, early diagnosis, and timely management of opioid poisoning, as well as the regulation and monitoring of substances with abuse potential. Furthermore, it shows that a combination of clinical, social, and public policy interventions constitutes a comprehensive approach to mitigating the adverse effects of opioid use and reducing associated mortality.Item Optimización del encapsulamiento de tinidazol en micropartículas de alginato de sodio(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Prieto Idárraga, Lury Daniela; Trujillo Serna, Jean Carlos; Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director); Castillo Gómez, Duvan Fernando (Director)Tinidazole is an antibiotic that exhibits reduced efficacy against the parasitic amoeba Entamoeba histolytica in patients undergoing intensive chemotherapy, due to the desquamation of intestinal mucosal epithelium caused by the treatment. For this reason, this study aims to explore alternatives to optimize the encapsulation of tinidazole into sodium alginate microparticles, crosslinked with calcium chloride using the external ionotropic gelation method. This was achieved through a 2³ factorial experimental design, which involved preparing different concentrations of polymer, crosslinker, and active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) at high and low levels to determine which variables yield the highest encapsulation efficiency. Subsequent in vitro release studies were performed at pH 1.2, 6.8, and 7.4. An infrared spectroscopy (IR) analysis was conducted to confirm the presence of encapsulated tinidazole within the beads by identifying the characteristic absorption bands of the API’s functional groups. Spectrophotometric analysis confirmed a maximum encapsulation efficiency of 70.84%, obtained with 1% crosslinker and polymer concentrations at pH 7.3 with 20 mg of API, making it the most effective formulation. In comparison, a formulation with 2% sodium alginate, 1% calcium chloride, and 20 mg of API yielded an encapsulation efficiency of only 34.79%. Beads with the highest encapsulation efficiency were then subjected to release studies at varying pH levels (1.2, 6.8, and 7.4), simulating gastric fluid, the small intestine, and the colon, respectively. The highest release was observed at pH 6.8, with 9.22% of the drug released over 5 hours. A proper balance between crosslinker and polymer concentrations is essential to achieve uniform encapsulation and drug release. Moreover, the beads demonstrated a controlled release profile in basic media, with the release kinetics best fitting the Higuchi model.Item Evaluación de las propiedades fisicoquímicas y farmacotecnicas de almidones de yuca (Manihot esculenta) modificado a partir de fosfatos(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Ríos Castrillón, Luis Arturo; Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director)Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is the fifth most produced agricultural product in Colombia and is grown in all 32 departments. Two varieties are produced: sweet cassava, intended for human consumption, and industrial or bitter cassava, intended for industrial segments. Industrial cassava represents an average of 7% of total cassava production in the country, while the remaining 93% is used for the production of sweet cassava. This causes sweet cassava to experience abrupt price drops due to overproduction, while industrial cassava is insufficient to supply industry, thus failing to meet market demand. Therefore, it is necessary to expand the horizons regarding the use of this tuber, taking advantage of the fact that its starch is a good asset for different industries such as food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. However, the structure of the starch can be modified to improve its properties. In this study, cassava starch was modified through an esterification process using primary and secondary sodium phosphates under weak acidity conditions in a semi-dry process, yielding starch phosphates with varying phosphorus contents. These starches were subsequently subjected to physicochemical and pharmacotechnical characterization tests (viscosity, swelling power, solubility, water absorption, pH, particle shape, apparent and compact density, apparent and compacted volume, Carr index and Hausner index, and infrared spectrometry). This study compared the functional properties of native cassava starch and modified starches, in order to analyze the impact of the modifications on key characteristics among the most relevant findings are: In the swelling power of the native starch, 0.97 g / g was obtained, which is a moderate water absorption capacity and in the modified starches the increase was found between 1.18 - 1.65 g / g showing that phosphatization altered the granular structure, favoring water retention. On the other hand, in the flow and compressibility properties, the apparent density of the native starch was 0.735 g / mL and that of the modified starches was 0.600 - 0.667 g / mL indicating greater porosity. The Carr index for native starch was 6.31% and for modified starch it was 9.82 – 12.48% with acceptable fluidity with greater cohesion and the Hausner index for native starch was 1.07 (low compressibility) and for modified starches it was 1.11 – 1.14 (moderate compressibility).Item Formulación de crema facial con propiedad antiacné a base del aceite esencial de la flor de caléndula (Caléndula Officinalis)(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Jaramillo Capote, Juliana Andrea; Illicachi Romero, Luis Alberto (Director); Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director)The present research aimed to formulate a facial cream with actiacné property from hydroalcoholic extracts of Caléndula officinalis; this plant is recognized for its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and healing effects. Due to the low yield of the essential oil obtained by steam distillation, changes were made in the methodology to implement three extraction methods: soxhlet, maceration and ultrasound; soxhlet being the highest yield (45.47%). The O/W formulation was subjected to organoleptic, physicochemical and microbiological tests to prove its stability; the results showed that the cream presented an adequate texture and has parameters required to administer in skin with acne; even so, improvements should be implemented since it presents deficiencies in terms of stability, presenting aspects such as a slightly alkaline pH and a high cremated content. This formulation represents the vision of the cosmetics industry regarding the use of natural ingredients.Item Análisis del impacto de la implementación de sistemas de distribución de medicamentos en dosis unitaria en entidades de salud de alta complejidad(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Ochoa Caicedo, Jorge Fernando; Valderrama Cuellar, William Alexander (Director)This study analyzed the impact of implementing Unit Dose Medication Distribution Systems (UDMDS) in high-complexity healthcare institutions in Colombia. Through a literature review and an analysis of local and international cases, the effects of these systems were evaluated in three key areas: patient safety, operational efficiency, and cost control. The findings show that UDMDS significantly reduces medication errors, optimizes logistical and administrative processes, and contributes to the financial sustainability of institutions by minimizing pharmaceutical waste. In Colombia, experiences from institutions such as Clínica Fundación Valle del Lili and Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe demonstrate promising results, although regulatory gaps and challenges related to technological infrastructure and staff training remain obstacles to the widespread implementation of UDMDS in the country. This study highlights the need to develop specific strategies for the adoption and integration of UDMDS to enhance the quality of care and strengthen the Colombian healthcare system.