Química Farmacéutica
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Item Aplicaciones de la espectroscopia Raman en la identificacion destructiva de sangre en escenas del crimen: Una revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Lopez Ortega, Ronald Daniel; Ocampo Chaguendo, Denis Mauricio (Asesor)Raman spectroscopy has emerged as a promising tool in the nondestructive identification of blood at crime scenes, overcoming the limitations of traditional methods such as luminol or Kastle-Meyer. This systematic review analyzed 48 studies published between 2014 and 2025, evaluating the applicability of Raman versus conventional techniques. It was identified that Raman allows specific molecular analysis of hemoglobin, even in aged or contaminated samples, with high precision and without altering the evidence. However, its implementation faces challenges such as fluorescence interference, the need for robust databases and the cost of portable equipment. Comparison with traditional methods showed that, although the latter are more accessible and faster, they are less specific and tend to degrade samples. The integration of Raman with artificial intelligence and portable technologies represents the future in forensic blood detection, reinforcing the chain of custody and the reliability of findings in the judicial environment.Item Validación de metodología analítica para análisis de disolución de Loratadina 10mg tableta por espectrofotometría ultravioleta(2026-06-02) Lora Muñoz, Nicole Johanna; Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director)This research project aimed at the development and validation of an analytical methodology for the dissolution analysis of Loratadine 10 mg tablets, employing ultraviolet spectrophotometry as the instrumental technique. The validation process included the assessment of parameters such as system suitability, system and method linearity, accuracy, precision (repeatability and intermediate precision), analyte stability in solution, and method specificity. The results obtained demonstrated that the validated method meets the established acceptance criteria, ensuring reliability of the analytical results. These findings confirm that the proposed methodology is suitable for dissolution analysis of Loratadine 10 mg tablets by ultraviolet spectrophotometry, supporting its application in routine laboratory testing.Item Efectos hepatotóxicos que afectan la ALT y AST en el tratamiento de la tuberculosis pulmonar en medicamentos de primera línea y sus principales factores de riesgo(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-05-25) Marin Henao, Luisa Fernanda; Echeverry Martínez, John Jairo (Director)Drug-induced hepatotoxicity is the most significant adverse reaction in first-line treatment for tuberculosis and represents a key obstacle to patients continuing treatment and achieving positive clinical outcomes. In this regard, the objective of this study was to conduct a comprehensive review of the literature on the hepatotoxic effects of isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol, focusing on how they differentially affect biochemical markers and the role of associated risk factors. To this end, a descriptive review approach was used, systematically searching for and selecting clinical studies and research articles published in the last seven years in high-impact databases. The results of the review confirmed the toxicity hierarchy, identifying pyrazinamide and isoniazid as the main culprits in a pattern of mainly hepatocellular damage, evidenced by significant increases in ALT and AST transaminases. In addition, evidence was reinforced that factors such as advanced age, female gender, alcohol consumption, low body mass index, and HIV coinfection measurably increase the risk of liver damage. It was concluded that stratifying patient risk before starting therapy is essential as a clinical strategy for adequate biochemical monitoring. Finally, the limitation of current diagnostic markers was highlighted, suggesting the need to validate emerging biomarkers that allow for earlier and more proactive detection of subclinical liver injury.Item Potencial antioxidante de Matricaria Chamomilla L. en cosmética capilar orgánica: revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-05-12) Zemanate López, Angie Natalia; Romo Valdés, Pablo Emilio (Director)This paper conducted a systematic review of the antioxidant potential of Matricaria chamomilla L. (chamomile) in the field of organic hair cosmetics. The research was based on the growing demand for natural products in the cosmetics industry and the need to scientifically validate the benefits attributed to plant extracts. The main objective was to analyze the available evidence on the antioxidant mechanisms of chamomile, its efficacy in protecting hair and scalp from oxidative stress, and its applications in hair formulations. The methodology was developed using a qualitative and documentary approach, following the PRISMA guidelines for the search and selection of articles published between 2020 and 2025 in indexed databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect. The results showed that chamomiles have a complex phytochemical profile, rich in flavonoids (apigenin, quercetin, luteolin), phenolic acids, and terpenoids (α-bisabolol, chamazulene), capable of neutralizing free radicals, modulating endogenous antioxidant enzymes, and reducing lipid peroxidation. Its protective effect on hair fibers, the scalp barrier function, and the prevention of UV radiation-induced photoaging were evident. Furthermore, clinical and preclinical studies support their safety and tolerability in topical formulations, provided standardized extracts are used.Item Validación del proceso de manufactura de una línea de polvos no efervescente(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-05-25) Valencia Carreño, David; Castillo Ayala, Jorge Enrique (Director)The study for this project addresses the need to establish reproducibility when validating the manufacturing process of a non-effervescent powder product, in accordance with the World Health Organization's (WHO) Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) guidelines. The overall objective of this research was to validate the process's ability to consistently produce a product that meets predefined quality attributes, as required by the regulatory framework. An integral qualification and quantification methodology was used, based on verifying the documentary and infrastructure prerequisites. Subsequently, the manufacturing of the process stages (Dispensing, intermediate product mixing, packaging and conditioning, and final product release) was executed and documented, with strict monitoring of process parameters and a statistical analysis of the data. The results showed satisfactory yields in the bulk product, and content uniformity was confirmed through in-process weight control during product packaging. Therefore, the manufacturing process is established as validated, proving to be robust and reproducible for commercial-scale production, ensuring the quality required by the regulations.Item Uso del cannabis medicinal como alternativa en el manejo de trastornos psiquiátricos con resistencia farmacológica(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Rios Delgadillo, Santiago; Oñate Garzón, José Fernando (Asesor)In recent years, the administration of medicinal cannabis has appeared as a therapeutic alternative to psychiatric disorders that do not respond to traditional pharmacological treatments. This systematic review will address the use of cannabidiol (CBD), which is one of the active ingredients of the Cannabis sativa plant, used in disorders that affect mental health such as: anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder or autism spectrum disorders (ASD). To this end, a search was carried out into scientific literature published between 2017 and 2024 regarding the therapeutic effects of CBD in patients with the aforementioned disorders that do not respond to standard pharmacological treatments. Scientific literature that showed significant improvements in the reduction of psychiatric symptoms or in the treatment of situations such as craving, which is an intense and often uncontrollable desire to consume a pleasurable substance, commonly associated with addictions, was included. This research reveals multiple studies that affirm that the use of medicinal Cannabis is essential as a long-term treatment for the presence of disorders associated with depression and anxiety.Item Formulación y caracterización preliminar de gomas comestibles con cannabidiol (CBD) como apoyo en el manejo del síndrome premenstrual en mujeres jóvenes(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-05-21) Collo Pencue, Girlessa; Restrepo Zapata, Jorge Humberto (Director)Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) affects a large proportion of women of reproductive age, causing physical and emotional symptoms that negatively impact their quality of life and daily performance. Although pharmacological treatments are available, they may produce undesirable side effects or low patient adherence. In recent years, cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive compound derived from Cannabis sativa, has gained attention due to its anxiolytic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties. Among emerging pharmaceutical forms, CBD-infused edible gummies stand out for their easy administration, sensory acceptability, and potential therapeutic use in young women. This monograph presents a review of national and international scientific literature analyzing the feasibility of using CBD gummies as a complementary alternative for PMS management. Pharmacological aspects of CBD, its applicability in relation to PMS symptoms, and the design of edible formulations are discussed. The results indicate that CBD may help reduce symptoms such as pain, anxiety, irritability, and inflammation associated with PMS; however, specific clinical evidence regarding CBD gummies is still limited. This study aims to contribute to the academic and scientific discussion on natural and functional strategies in women’s healthcare.Item Conocimiento comunitario y estrategias sociales para la prevención de anticonceptivos falsificados: Revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026) Gómez Guaitarilla, Karen Lizeth; Restrepo Zapata, Jorge Humberto (Director)One of the crucial public health problems is the counterfeiting of contraceptives, which is linked to risks to sexual and reproductive health, an increase in unintended pregnancies, and the perpetuation of social disparities, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Lack of information, the need for discretion, and social stigma are some of the sociocultural factors associated with the counterfeiting of contraceptives. A systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines to examine distribution pathways, vulnerabilities, and actions implemented to prevent the use of counterfeit contraceptives in various communities. The spread of products whose legitimacy could not be verified was facilitated because the main channels for distributing counterfeit contraceptives were unregulated pharmacies, illegal markets, and websites. The configuration of vulnerabilities was multidimensional, including economic elements (the inability to afford legitimate contraceptives), social elements (the need for discretion and stigmatization), and cultural elements (evaluation of contraceptive effectiveness based on evident symptoms, such as bleeding). Furthermore, a significant gap was found between the pharmacological properties of contraceptives and community perceptions, which favored the use of counterfeit contraceptives, even those lacking active ingredients. The most effective intervention strategies in resource-scarce contexts were pharmacist training, supervised distribution, and awareness campaigns. At the same time, technological solutions encountered limitations due to the digital divide. Overall, the persistence of the problem stems from the disconnect between formal health systems and cultural and social realities. This demonstrates the need for integrated approaches that link structural, regulatory, and community interventions.Item Catinonas sintéticas y salud pública en Colombia: un análisis de la evidencia actual(Universidad santiago de cali, 2026-03-13) Jiménez Ortiz, Víctor Andrés; Ocampo Chaguendo, Dennis Mauricio (Director); Fandiño Moreno, Yiseth (Directora)Synthetic cathinones constitute a group of new psychoactive substances (NSP), characterized by their rapid emergence on the illicit market, high structural variability, and potential toxicological risk, posing a challenge to detection, surveillance, and health control systems. The objective of this systematic review was to analyze the available scientific and institutional evidence on their chemical characteristics, toxicological effects, analytical detection methods, and public health implications, with an emphasis on the Colombian context. A literature search and selection was conducted in scientific sources and official reports, integrating pharmacological, toxicological, analytical, and forensic studies using the PRISMA 2020 methodology. The results show that these substances act primarily as central nervous system stimulants, associated with neuropsychiatric and cardiovascular manifestations, as well as serious adverse events. Furthermore, the constant emergence of new analogues and their commercialization in complex mixtures hinder their identification using conventional analytical techniques and limit institutional response capacity. In Colombia, an increase in their detection in seizures and toxicological analyses has been observed, confirming their emerging relevance. In conclusion, synthetic cathinones represent a dynamic problem that requires strengthening epidemiological surveillance, the analytical capacity of laboratories, and inter-institutional coordination to mitigate their public health risks.Item Efectos farmacológicos de los fitocannabinoides (CBD y THC) en la regulación de citocinas proinflamatorias asociadas al síndrome metabólico: una revisión sistemática(Univesidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-03-21) Paredes Castro, Héctor Henry; González Vargas, Iván Andrés (Director)Metabolic syndrome is a major public health concern due to its high prevalence and association with cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and chronic inflammatory processes. In this context, phytocannabinoids, particularly cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), have sparked interest for their potential immunomodulatory effects. The objective of this study was to analyze the available scientific evidence on the action of CBD and THC in the regulation of proinflammatory cytokines linked to metabolic syndrome. A systematic review was conducted under PRISMA 2020 guidelines, using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, among others. Original studies published between 2014 and 2024, both preclinical and clinical, that evaluated the effects of phytocannabinoids on cytokines such as IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-18 were included. The results were grouping the findings according to the cytokine evaluated and the type of intervention applied. The results showed that CBD, and to a lesser extent THC, significantly reduced IL-6 and TNF-α levels in experimental models, while the effects on IL-1β and IL-18 were less studied but equally promising. However, clinical studies are still scarce and present heterogeneous results. It was concluded that phytocannabinoids have significant therapeutic potential as adjuvant agents in the treatment of metabolic syndrome, although further clinical research is required to validate their efficacy and safety in humans.Item Elaboración de shampoo libre de sulfatos a base de tensoactivos derivados del coco(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-02-18) Ordoñez Quiñones, Orlin Orlando; Grisales Rojas, Juan Camilo; Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director); Miller Peluffo, Jhon Alexander (Director)This study developed a sulfate-free shampoo formulated with coconut-derived surfactants (cocoamide DEA, betaine, and decyl glucoside) that provides effective cleansing without damaging the scalp, improving hair health. These hypoallergenic and biodegradable surfactants reduce the risk of irritation and minimize environmental impact, aligning with the demand for sustainable products. For this study, three formulations were developed, varying the percentages of surfactants to evaluate properties such as pH, viscosity, foam, and detergency. In addition, cleaning tests with strands of wool and accelerated stability studies were conducted to determine the optimal formulation. The ANOVA statistical study revealed that formulation 2 showed a better balance among the evaluated parameters: good viscosity stability, adequate pH, high foaming capacity, stable cleaning efficacy, and absence of phase separation. This makes it a suitable reformulation option for further user sensory testing.Item Efectos toxicológicos de los alcaloides tropánicos en Brugmansia spp. Y atropa belladona: una revisión sistemática desde la perspectiva farmacológica y su uso tradicional(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025-11-24) Realpe Oviedo, Alejandra; Ocampo Chaguendo, Dennis Mauricio (Director)The toxicity of tropane alkaloids in Brugmansia spp. and Atropa belladonna constitutes a public health concern due to their high potency and multiple exposure routes, ranging from accidental poisoning to recreational and criminal uses. The study was conducted as a systematic review under PRISMA guidelines, based on a search of academic databases between 2010 and 2025. Approximately 60 scientific articles were identified and evaluated using inclusion and exclusion criteria. Terms related to toxicity, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, ritual uses, medical applications, and social repercussions were used, which allowed for the collection of clinical, experimental, and ethnobotanical evidence. The scientific literature was analyzed to characterize their toxicological effects, pharmacological profiles, and traditional uses. The results showed that Brugmansia spp. Atropa belladonna had predominantly ritual and shamanic use in AndeanAmazonian communities, while Atropa belladonna had a broader cultural distribution, with medicinal, cosmetic, and ritual applications. In both plants, the tropane alkaloids scopolamine, atropine, and hyoscyamine were associated with analgesic, antispasmodic, and hallucinogenic properties, but also with severe poisonings characterized by anticholinergic syndrome. Accidental poisonings, especially in children, as well as recreational and criminal uses related to scopolamine were documented. It was concluded that the loss of specialized traditional knowledge on the safe handling of these plants has aggravated their toxicological risk in modern contexts. The need to integrate this ancestral knowledge with public health strategies, such as education, regulation, and clinical training, to manage their toxicity and safely harness their pharmacological potential is highlighted.Item Variabilidad en el perfil de seguridad de los fármacos para el TDAH: una revisión sistemática de ensayos clínicos(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-03-18) Collazos Simales, Valeria; Echeverry Martínez, John Jairo (Director)Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) significantly impacts academic, social, family, and, if necessary, work life. While pharmacological treatment is essential, the occurrence of adverse effects determines adherence, and their profile varies according to the population. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the safety profile of ADHD medications, analyzing population variations in the incidence of adverse effects by searching ClinicalTrials.gov and bibliographic databases (2021-present) for randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials. Twenty-three trials were extracted, their safety data analyzed, and the risk difference and number needed to harm for adverse events of interest were calculated. These results showed that anorexia was a critical effect for lisdexamfetamine and atomoxetine in both populations. Insomnia, meanwhile, presented a specific pharmacological pattern, being induced by atomoxetine in adults and by lisdexamfetamine in both groups. Xerostomia showed a consistently higher risk in adults. Critical gaps in the evidence regarding cardiovascular safety and symptoms such as affective lability were also identified, in addition to a lack of long-term trials to identify risks. It was concluded that the safety profile of ADHD medications is highly population-dependent, with adults consistently more vulnerable. Monitoring should be tailored to the medication and age, allowing for proactive management to optimize patient safety during treatment.Item Evaluación de los efectos de los polifenoles provenientes del extracto de quinua (chenopodium quinua) y del extracto de romero (salvia rosmarinus), en una mascarilla para la reparación y fortalecimiento de la hebra capilar(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025-10-10) Mesa González, Yamileth; Realpe Fernández, Marcela; Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director); Miller Peluffo, John Alexander (Director)This research aims to evaluate the effects of polyphenols extracted from quinoa and rosemary in a hair mask intended for hair repair and strengthening. The main motivation lies in the need to find natural and less toxic alternatives to conventional hair products, which often contain chemicals harmful to health and the environment. Ethanolic extracts were obtained from quinoa and rosemary through maceration and ultrasound-assisted technique, subsequently a hair mask was formulated and its initial physicochemical properties were evaluated, initially obtaining the following results: pH = 4.5 ± 0.01, viscosity = 301200 ± 6 cp. and organoleptic (herbal smell, beige color, soft, consistent and lump-free texture), results compliant compared to the standard (see Table 2); After stability testing, the following average final results were obtained over a period of 4 weeks: pH (6 ° C) = 4.70 ± 0.18; pH (25 ° C) = 4.5 ± 0.00; pH (40 ° C) = 4.43 ± 0.05; pH (50 ° C) = 4.40 ± 0.14 and viscosity (6 ° C) = 313400 ± 4255 cp; viscosity (25 ° C) = 301550 ± 412 cp; viscosity (40 ° C) = 291100 ± 1208 cp; viscosity (50 ° C) = 248425 ± 32850 cp; Finally, the variability in the stability test for pH was 2.06 and for viscosity 3.78, indicating that there are no statistically significant differences in pH and viscosity values across the different temperatures. Likewise, at 40 °C, the hair product maintained its physical and chemical properties throughout the stability study, demonstrating effectiveness in hair repair and strengthening.Item Análisis de la contaminación de evidencia traza en casos de homicidios: desafíos y perspectivas en la química forense. Revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025-11-12) Mosquera Cuchillo, María Isabel; Ocampo Chaguendo, Dennis Mauricio (Director)Trace evidence in homicide cases posed a challenge to the reliability and authenticity of forensic analyses in judicial proceedings. This study aimed to identify the factors and characteristics that contributed to this phenomenon and evaluate forensic chemistry strategies for addressing it. A systematic literature review was conducted using the PRISMA method, implementing the STROBE and CONSORT technical quality criteria. The research included databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Scielo, Redalyc, and Google Scholar, considering publications from 2013 to 2025. It was evident that trace evidence results were vulnerable to contamination due to handling and manipulation errors, environmental conditions, deficiencies in the chain of custody, and secondary transfer. Similarly, it was observed that technologies such as high-resolution mass spectrometry and next-generation sequencing increased the accuracy and sensitivity of the analyses, but also further highlighted the impact of contamination.Item Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Resolución acoplada a Espectrometría de Masas como técnica analítica para la detección y monitoreo de Ketamina y sus metabolitos en análisis forense: Una revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025-11-12) Torres García, Manuel Alejandro; Ocampo Chaguendo, Dennis Mauricio (Director)The increase in recreational use and abuse of ketamine, as well as the identification of its metabolites in illicit contexts, has generated challenges in accurate detection for forensic analysis. This study aimed to systematically review the advantages and limitations of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HPLC/MS) in the identification of ketamine and its metabolites in biological matrices. A systematic review was conducted following the guidelines of the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI), with searches in PubMed, ScienceDirect, SCOPUS, Springer Journal, and SciELO (2020–2025). 47 studies were included after applying inclusion/exclusion criteria and assessing methodological quality. The results showed that HPLC/MS stands out for its high sensitivity (detection limits down to 1 ng/mL), specificity, and capacity to analyze multiple metabolites in complex samples such as blood, urine, and hair. However, technical limitations have been identified, such as the structural similarity between norketamine and dehydronorketamine, which require optimized MS/MS fragmentation protocols to avoid false positives. Furthermore, the technique demonstrated will be fundamental in strengthening forensic surveillance systems and generating evidence for public health policies. It was concluded that, although HPLC/MS is an indispensable tool in forensic toxicology, its effectiveness depends on the standardization of methods and integration with collaborative databases.Item Cromatografía liquida acoplada a espectrometría de masas en tándem (LC-MS/MS) para la detección de fentanilo en muestras biológicas de orina y cabello humano, revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025-11-12) Torres García, Estefanía; Ocampo Chaguendo, Dennis Mauricio (Director)The global increase in the consumption of illicit drugs, particularly synthetic opioids such as fentanyl, has created a public health crisis. In Colombia, there has been a rise in seizures and deaths related to fentanyl in recent years. This study aims to evaluate the advantages and limitations of liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) for the detection of fentanyl in biological samples such as urine and hair. A systematic review was conducted following guidelines established by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI), using databases such as PubMed, Taylor & Francis, ScienceDirect, Springer, and Oxford. Fifty articles in English and Spanish, published between 2019 and 2025, were included. The results showed that LC–MS/MS has gained notable relevance due to its analytical advantages, including high sensitivity, high throughput, rapid turnaround time, and a wide detection range. This method can detect and analyze multiple analytes simultaneously, which is a major advantage for the analysis of fentanyl and its metabolites in biological matrices such as urine (LOD 0.05–2 ng/mL) and hair (LOD 0.05–1.5 pg/mg). It was concluded that LC–MS/MS can help professionals make informed decisions and act in a timely manner when detecting fentanyl in biological samples, thereby supporting the development of prevention strategies in response to the increasing use of this substance.Item Formas farmacéuticas, dosis, mecanismos de acción y aplicaciones clínicas de los probióticos en humanos: revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025-12-09) Botache Pulgarin, Valeria; González Vargas, Iván Andrés (Director); Corredor Sáenz, Viviana Catalina (Directora)The use of probiotics in human health has gained great relevance in recent years due to their potential to modulate the gut microbiota and act as therapeutic adjuvants in various diseases. However, there are still important challenges related to the lack of standardization in the doses administered, the selection of specific strains, the dosage forms used and the duration of treatments, which hinders comparison between studies and the consolidation of clinical guidelines, limiting their clinical application and acceptance by health professionals. where, in addition, the lack of consensus and heterogeneity in international regulations on the use of probiotics prevent effective integration into health systems. In this context, a review of the literature published between 2020 and 2025 was carried out, with the purpose of consolidate scientific evidence around four central categories: doses, dosage forms, mechanisms of action, and treatments in specific diseases. The search included controlled clinical trials, pilot studies and experimental work in humans, guaranteeing the inclusion of primary sources of greater scientific rigor, with which this work contributes to strengthening the evidence base in a field of growing interest for pharmaceutical and clinical research.Item Degradación de la psilocina en matrices biológicas: implicaciones toxicológicas forenses y estrategias de detección. Una revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago De Cali, 2025-11-12) Gordillo Rojas, Sebastián David; Ocampo Chaguendo, Dennis Mauricio (Director)Psilocin, the active metabolite of psilocybin, has gained relevance in forensic toxicology due to its involvement in cases associated with the consumption of psychoactive mushrooms. Its marked chemical and biological instability poses a significant challenge in sample analysis, compromising the detection and quantification of the analyte during preservation and storage. This review aimed to systematically examine the scientific evidence on the factors that affect the stability of psilocin in biological matrices and the strategies used for its proper preservation and detection in forensic contexts. To conclude, the PRISMA statement guidelines were followed in conducting the systematic review. Literature published between 2000 and 2024 was reviewed through searches in PubMed, Scopus, SciELO, Springer Journal, and ScienceDirect. The findings indicate that oxidation, photodegradation, enzymatic activity, and temperature conditions influence the loss of the compound. In addition, the use of preservatives such as ascorbic acid, immediate freezing of samples, and the use of confirmatory techniques such as LC-MS/MS were identified as key measures to reduce degradation and ensure reliable results. In conclusion, the stability and detection of psilocin in matrices such as blood, urine, plasma, and hair depend on strict conditions and standardized protocols that support the validity of forensic toxicology reports.Item Mejora de la administración del Cannabis Medicinal mediante nanotecnología: Optimización de parámetros Farmacocinéticos y Farmacodinámicos para aumento de la biodisponibilidad - Revisión Sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025-07-05) Santa Florez, Nerlin Julieth; Rojas Barreto, Julián Alonso (Director)Medical cannabis has emerged as a promising therapeutic alternative for treating various diseases, primarily due to the pharmacological potential of its main active compounds: tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). However, its clinical use is limited by poor water solubility, chemical instability, variable absorption, and extensive first-pass hepatic metabolism. These pharmacological barriers hinder effective and standardized dosing, reducing therapeutic efficacy and limiting broader clinical application. To address these challenges, nanotechnology has gained prominence as a transformative tool in the development of novel drug delivery systems for cannabinoids. This systematic review analyzes the latest advances in nanotechnological formulations applied to medical cannabis, focusing on their effects on solubility, stability, pharmacokinetics, and bioavailability. Key systems explored include nanoemulsions, lipid-based nanoparticles, and controlled release platforms, all of which have demonstrated improved cannabinoid absorption, distribution, and therapeutic action. The review also examines comparative studies between conventional and nanotechnology-enhanced formulations, highlighting superior performance in terms of bioavailability and clinical effectiveness. Overall, the evidence suggests that nanotechnology offers a promising strategy to overcome the inherent pharmacological limitations of cannabinoids, enhancing both patient outcomes and treatment reliability. This approach not only improves therapeutic efficacy but also opens the door to safer, more precise, and patient- centered medical cannabis therapies in the future.