Química Farmacéutica
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Item Registro Digital Blockchain como una herramienta de control preventiva en el ingreso de materia prima ilegal: una revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-06-11) Trochez Rengifo,Tamara; Restrepo Zapata, Jorge Humberto (Director)The commercialization of illegal medicines is a sanitary and regulatory problem that compromises patient safety, therapeutic effectiveness, and trust in health systems. Counterfeiting, adulteration, unauthorized distribution, and marketing of products without sanitary authorization reveal weaknesses in pharmaceutical supply chain traceability, especially in contexts with fragmented logistics, unverified electronic commerce, and limited inspection capacity. This systematic review analyzed the usefulness of blockchain technology as a preventive control tool to reduce the entry of illegal medicines into the pharmaceutical supply chain. Studies published between 2020 and 2025 were reviewed in ScienceDirect, PubMed, Scopus, and Springer using terms related to blockchain, traceability, pharmaceutical supply chain, counterfeiting, and illegal medicines. Selection was guided by defined inclusion and exclusion criteria, with screening of titles, abstracts, and full texts. The selected articles show that blockchain provides immutable records, event authentication, smart contracts, controlled interoperability, and greater visibility among manufacturers, distributors, regulatory authorities, and dispensers. The reviewed models, including Medledger, PharmaChain, IPFS-based solutions, IoT sensors, and homomorphic encryption, show concrete applications in serialization, batch traceability, cold chain control, and inconsistency detection. Implementation requires overcoming technical, regulatory, economic, and training barriers, but represents a relevant alternative for strengthening sanitary control and the transparency of pharmaceutical processes.Item Evaluación de la Actividad Antimicrobiana de la Amoxicilina Cargada en Nanocristales de Celulosa (CNCs) Frente a Bacterias Asociadas a Infecciones Cutáneas(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-07-30) Ángel Cañón, Harrison Smith; Ceballos Coral, Manuel Alejandro; Castañeda Aedo, Carol Melissa (Director); Chamorro Rengifo, Andrés Felipe (Director)Bacterial skin infections represent a major public health challenge due to antimicrobial resistance and the limitations of conventional antibiotic delivery systems. In this context, nanocellulose has emerged as a promising alternative for the development of controlled drug delivery systems for antibiotics facing significant challenges, such as amoxicillin (AMX). Therefore, the aim of this study was to obtain cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) through sulfuric acid hydrolysis followed by TEMPO-mediated functionalization (TOCNCs) to evaluate their ability to adsorb and release AMX against pathogenic bacteria. Both materials were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), confirming the incorporation of sulfate and carboxyl groups as well as the association of the drug with the nanocrystals. Adsorption was evaluated as a function of contact time, medium pH, and solute concentration. The results showed that TOCNCs exhibited the highest drug retention after 6 hours (42.56 ± 1.5%), with adsorption being favored under acidic conditions (pH 3). Antibacterial inhibition assays demonstrated that AMX adsorbed onto the nanocrystal surface retained its antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, highlighting the potential application of these nanomaterials as controlled drug delivery matrices.Item Docking molecular aplicado a péptidos antimicrobianos: una revisión sistemática de sus interacciones con dianas bacterianas.(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-06-24) Rivera Molina,Angie Julieth; Oñate Garzón, José Fernando(Director); Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander(Director)The emergence of antimicrobial resistance has become a serious global public health problem, leading to the search for new therapeutic alternatives such as antimicrobial peptides. The objective of this study was to analyze the available evidence on the use of molecular docking for predicting and evaluating the interaction of antimicrobial peptides with bacterial targets. A systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines; the review included studies published between 2020 and 2026 in international biomedical databases. The results showed that molecular docking was primarily used to estimate binding energies, identify key residues, and guide the rational design of peptides targeting essential enzymes and bacterial regulatory proteins; furthermore, a growing trend was observed toward integrating docking with molecular dynamics and experimental validation. It was concluded that docking is a useful tool for peptide selection and mechanistic analysis, but its predictive value depends on methodological standardization and its correlation with biological experimental evidence.Item El Efecto de Cannabis sativa en el cuidado de la piel: una revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-05-08) Pérez Galindo, Dahiana FernandaTopical products based on phytochemical compounds from Cannabis Sativa (hemp or marijuana) represent a promising alternative for the skincare industry. This plant has been the subject of historical study and is valued in traditional, ancestral, homeopathic, and allopathic medicine due to its complex chemical composition. Among its components, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) stands out, with psychoactive properties and concentrations ranging from 0.5% to 5% in flowers and leaves, as well as other cannabinoids with high industrial potential: cannabidiol (CBD), cannabidolic acid, cannabicidol, and cannabigerol (CBG). Phytochemical analysis has identified more than 60 cannabinoids and 200 additional compounds, opening up a wide range of opportunities for innovation in various production sectors. In this context, this review article aims to identify the scientific evidence on the use of phytocannabinoids in the development of specific products, such as emulsions and creams for dermal application. The results of the systematic review indicate that scientific production on research into the use of Cannabis Sativa has grown steadily, reaching its peak in 2021. The sustainable geographic scope, predominantly from Colombia, Spain, and the United States, also incorporates perspectives from more than 20 countries, supported by bibliographic references from original articles, specialized journals, legal regulations, and grey literature. The research period covers the years 2013 to 2023. Finally, the research was characterized as a multidisciplinary and international study, with strong support from databases such as ScienceDirect and PubMed, among others.Item Evaluación de los factores de proceso de manufactura y control de calidad asociados con los resultados fuera de especificación de la prueba de disolución del producto Nimodipino 30 mg tabletas(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025-12-11) Henao Montoya, Stivens; Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director)The factors associated with out-of-specification results in the dissolution test of Nimodipine 30 mg tablets were evaluated. The removal of tiered acceptance criteria (S2 and S3) reduced the robustness of the acceptance system. The incorporation of auxiliary devices (sinkers) did not significantly increase the dissolved percentage (82% vs. 77%) but reduced variability (standard deviation from 5.87% to 2.04%). The optimal filter saturation volume was 5 mL, achieving an average recovery of 94.2%, significantly higher than 3 mL (86.1%). Additionally, process validation batches were monitored to assess drug performance under real manufacturing conditions, confirming that failures are not related to manufacturing but to analytical and regulatory factors. Technical and regulatory adjustments are proposed to ensure product quality, minimize analytical variability, and support the release of retained batches.Item Técnicas analíticas para la identificación de materia prima farmacéutica ilegal: una revisión(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-06-12) Martinez Andrade, Mabel Yurani; Restrepo Zapata, Jorge Humberto (Director)The presence of illegal, adulterated, or substandard pharmaceutical raw materials represents a significant risk to public health, as it can affect the quality, safety, and efficacy of medicines. In this context, this study aimed to analyze the main analytical techniques used for their identification in the pharmaceutical field. To this end, a systematic literature review was conducted, following the PRISMA guidelines. The search was carried out in databases such as PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, considering publications from 2020 to 2025. Predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to select the most relevant studies related to analytical methods in quality control. The results show that techniques such as HPLC, GC, FTIR, UV-Vis, NMR, and mass spectrometry are widely used for the identification and detection of adulterations in pharmaceutical raw materials. Furthermore, it was found that the combined use of these techniques yields more reliable results. In conclusion, the proper implementation of analytical techniques, along with the strengthening of quality controls and health regulations, contributes to better detection of non-conforming raw materials, promoting patient safety and the quality of medicines.Item Tecnologías para la autenticación y trazabilidad de empaques farmacéuticos: Revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-06-02) Serna Rosas, Anderson David; Restrepo Zapаta, Jorge Humberto (Director)The counterfeiting of medicines and the adulteration of pharmaceutical packaging is a growing public health and safety problem, associated with the infiltration of counterfeit products into legitimate supply chains. This phenomenon is related to counterfeiters' ability to copy packaging, labels, identification codes, and traceability systems, jeopardizing the quality, efficacy, and safety of medicines. A systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines, focusing on emerging authentication and traceability technologies applied to pharmaceutical packaging. This involved a comparative analysis of studies addressing blockchain, RFID, NFC, QR codes, GS1 systems, photoluminescent materials, smart inks, physically non-clonable functions (PUFs), artificial intelligence, and mobile verification platforms. The included studies showed a marked trend toward the integration of multi-layered digital and physical technologies to strengthen the security of primary, secondary, and tertiary packaging. Systems based on blockchain, smart contracts, and IoT demonstrated a high capacity to ensure traceability, logistical transparency, and the detection of deviations or alterations in documentation. At the same time, advanced optical technologies such as fluorescent inks, photoluminescent materials, SPN microdots, dynamic QR codes, and PUF systems demonstrated high resistance to cloning, scan-reprinting, and sophisticated visual counterfeiting. On the operational side, both portable multispectral inspection technologies and NFC/QR mobile authentication applications have emerged as useful complementary tools for agile verification at consumer, customs, and regulatory checkpoints. In this regard, the coordinated integration of physical, digital, and regulatory systems represents a fundamental axis for strengthening the pharmaceutical supply chain and reducing the circulation of counterfeit medicines.Item Revisión sistemática sobre la influencia del conocimiento y de la percepción del riesgo en la adquisición de medicamentos falsificados, subestándar o no regulados en la población adulta(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-06-02) Chavez Largo, Luz Adriana; Restrepo Zapаta, Jorge Humberto (Director)The consumption of counterfeit, substandard, or unregulated medicines represents a significant problem due to the risks associated with their use and the conditions that facilitate their acquisition. The objective of this study was to analyze the available scientific evidence on the knowledge and perceptions of the adult population regarding these types of medicines, observing how this knowledge and risk perception influence the acquisition of medicines. A systematic literature review was conducted, including 16 studies selected from various databases, applying predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The studies were analyzed comparatively, considering variables related to the level of knowledge, risk perception, factors associated with acquisition, and contextual differences. The results showed that, although a significant proportion of the population recognizes the existence of counterfeit medicines and their risks, this knowledge is generally superficial and does not allow for their identification in practice. Furthermore, risk perception, while present, does not act as a sufficient deterrent. It was identified that the acquisition of these medications is primarily influenced by factors such as cost, access, availability, and the use of unregulated channels, especially the internet. It was concluded that knowledge and risk perception influence acquisition, but do not directly determine behavior, as this is conditioned by contextual factors. These findings highlight the need to address this problem from a comprehensive perspective.Item La química forense y su relevancia en la detección de nuevas sustancias psicoactivas en la sangre mediante cromatografía líquida acoplada a espectrometría de masas (LC/MS)(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-03-13) Palacios Gonzalez, Maria Sofia; Baños Correa, Harold Javier (Director)The growth of new psychoactive substances (NSP) has generated an increasing challenge for forensic toxicology, due to the difficulty of their detection with conventional methods and their effect on public health. This study proposed to analyze the importance of forensic chemistry in the identification of NSP in blood samples using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC/MS). A systematic review was carried out following PRISMA's guidelines, looking for articles published between 2018 and 2025 in various databases such as Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Redalyc, Scielo and Google Scholar. Research was chosen that used analytical methodologies such as LC/MS, LC-MS/MS, GC-MS and immunoassays, considering aspects such as sensitivity, specificity and detection limits. The findings showed that the LC-MS/MS technique proved to be the most effectivein identifying non-volatile and thermally unstable compounds, overcoming the restrictions of immunoassays and gas chromatography. Barriers related to matrix effect, calibration and the need for trained personnel were also detected. It was concluded that forensic chemistry has a crucial role in the identification of NSP, reaffirming LC/MS as a key tool for toxicological analysis. Finally, it was suggested to improve the application of this technique in forensic laboratories in Colombia and Latin America, promote validation between laboratories and update the databases to ensure more accurate results and an efficient response to the emergence of new drugs.Item Eficacia del cannabidiol en el tratamiento de epilepsia refractaria en población pediátrica de 2 a 18 años: Revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-05-13) Gomez Acero, Mariana; Restrepo Zapаta, Jorge Humberto (Director)Pediatric refractory epilepsy presents a highly complex clinical challenge, characterized by resistance to multiple antiepileptic drugs and its significant impact on neurodevelopment and quality of life. This situation has driven the search for therapeutic alternatives such as cannabidiol (CBD), a molecule with mechanisms of action distinct from conventional treatments and with the potential to modulate neuronal hyperexcitability. A systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines, which included searching various electronic databases, for the treatment of refractory epilepsy in the pediatric population. The reviewed articles showed that CBD significantly reduced seizure frequency, with responder rates (≥50% reduction) between 40% and 70%, demonstrating its greatest efficacy in syndromes such as Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, Dravet syndrome, and genetic epileptic encephalopathies. On the other hand, the therapeutic response was found to depend on the dose range and co-administration with medications such as clobazam, with which a synergistic effect was observed, increasing the clinical response. From a safety perspective, cannabidiol showed a mostly positive profile; however, significant pharmacokinetic interactions were detected, especially with valproic acid and clobazam, which increased the risk of liver damage and sedation, respectively. In conclusion, the results confirmed that CBD is an effective therapeutic option for refractory epilepsy in children, but its influence on neurodevelopment and quality of life remained uncertain due to methodological heterogeneity and limitations in the assessment of these outcomes in the available studies.Item Evaluación in silico de compuestos naturales como posibles inhibidores de la enzima PARP-1 en el tratamiento de cáncer de ovario con mutaciones BRCA 1/2(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-06-11) Daza López, Lina Natalia; Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director); Oñate Garzón, José Fernando (Director)Ovarian cancer associated with mutations in the tumor suppressor genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 exhibits homologous recombination repair deficiency (HRD), making it vulnerable to inhibition of the enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) through the synthetic lethality mechanism. However, the development of resistance to synthetic PARP1 inhibitors limits their clinical efficacy, creating the need for new therapeutic alternatives. This study evaluated in silico the inhibitory potential of eight natural compounds (flavanones and flavonols) against PARP1, using ligand-based virtual screening based on structural similarity to talazoparib, molecular docking with AutoDock Vina, and ADME property prediction with SwissADME. Protocol validation through re-docking showed an RMSD (Root Mean Square Deviation) close to 0 Å. Affinity results indicated that naringin (ΔG = -9.280 kcal/mol; Kd = 160 nM) outperformed talazoparib (ΔG = -8.263 kcal/mol; Kd = 870 nM) and the natural substrate NAD⁺ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) (ΔG = -8.379 kcal/mol; Kd = 720 nM), followed by hesperidin (ΔG = -7.736 kcal/mol; Kd = 2.100 nM) and hesperetin (ΔG = -6.813 kcal/mol; Kd = 11.000 nM). Interaction analysis revealed that the glycosides naringin and hesperidin adopt alternative binding modes mediated by hydrophobic contacts and C-terminal residues of the enzyme, while smaller flavanones preserve π-π interactions with TYR689. ADME evaluation identified hesperetin, naringenin, and silibinin as the compounds with the best pharmacokinetic profile for oral administration, complying with Lipinski's rules and showing high predicted gastrointestinal absorption. Naringin and hesperidin, despite their high affinity, showed limitations for oral bioavailability due to their high molecular weight and high polarity. Based on the integrated analysis of affinity, molecular interactions, and ADME profile, naringin, hesperetin, and naringenin were selected as lead candidates, positioning them as promising candidates for future experimental studies and contributing to the development of new therapies for BRCA1/2- mutated ovarian cancer.Item Nuevas sustancias psicoactivas: Tendencias moleculares estructurales y patrones moleculares en el diseño ilícito: Revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-06-03) Quevedo Salazar, Santiago Alberto; Ocampo Changuendo, Dennis Mauricio (Director)New psychoactive substances (NPS) represent a growing challenge for forensic chemistry, toxicology and public health due to their rapid emergence, high structural variability and ability to evade control mechanisms, this systematic review aimed to analyze the main structural trends and molecular patterns involved in the illicit design and synthesis of NPS in the forensic context, a bibliographic search was proposed in specialized databases, considering recent publications in English and Spanish related to chemical structures, analogues, molecular modifications, analytical identification and regulation, the findings showed that NPS usually originate from incremental modifications of known molecular scaffolds, especially synthetic cannabinoids, synthetic cathinones, nitazene-type synthetic opioids, designer benzodiazepines, phenethylamines and arylcyclohexamines, changes in side chains, aromatic rings, functional groups, heterocyclic nuclei and specific substituents contribute to preserving psychoactive effects, modifying potency and hindering detection. It was concluded that structural analysis of NPS is essential to anticipate emerging substances, strengthen analytical surveillance and support regulatory strategies based on chemical families and molecular patterns.Item Evaluación in silico de las interacciones de Resveratrol, un compuesto natural multitarget, con proteínas de interés terapéutico: Una revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-05-28) Bejarano Oliveros, Jose Miguel; Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director); Oñate Garzón, José Fernando (Director)The identification of multitarget compounds with pharmacological plausibility constitutes a growing priority in Pharmaceutical Chemistry, particularly in the face of complex diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, pulmonary fibrosis and cardiometabolic disorders, in which inflammation, oxidative stress, metabolic alterations and proliferative deregulation converge. In this context, a systematic review of the literature was carried out to critically analyze the in silico interactions of resveratrol with proteins of therapeutic interest reported between 2020 and 2025. The search was structured according to the PRISMA 2020 and PRISMA-S guidelines, and included original studies from biomedical and multidisciplinary databases that used molecular docking, molecular dynamics, network pharmacology or combined strategies. The evidence analyzed showed a consistent recurrence of signaling axes such as PI3K/Akt/mTOR, MAPK and AMPK/mTOR, as well as inflammatory nodes such as TNF, IL1B, IL6 and STAT3, along with more defined interaction targets, including CDK5, MTH1, tyrosinase and lipase. However, relevant methodological heterogeneity associated with target selection, structural preparation of receptors, interpretation of scoring functions and the absence of orthogonal validations in part of the studies was also identified. Taken together, the findings indicated that resveratrol possesses a multimodal profile with translational interest, although its current value is better understood as a chemical scaffold amenable to structural and pharmacotechnical optimization than as a fully resolved monotarget therapeutic candidate.Item Predicción In sillico del potencial antienvejecimiento de péptidos derivados de semillas de quinua mediante hidrólisis enzimática con actinidina(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-06-11) Vallejo Delgado, Sofia; Ruales González, Andres David; Oñate Garzón, José Fernando (Director); Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director)Skin aging is associated with the degradation of the extracellular matrix mediated by enzymes such as collagenase and elastase. In this context, bioactive peptides derived from plant proteins have attracted interest due to their potential inhibitory activity against these enzymes. The present study aimed to predict, using in silico bioinformatics tools, the anti-aging potential of peptides derived from wild Chenopodium quinoa wild seeds obtained through enzymatic hydrolysis with actinidin. Peptide structures were modeled using UCSF Chimera, prepared with AutoDockTools, and evaluated by molecular docking using AutoDock Vina against the enzymes collagenase (PDB: 5B5O) and elastase (PDB: 3UVC). Interaction visualization analysis was performed using Discovery Studio Visualizer. The binding affinities of multiple peptides were favorable, with CGAYTLP and AGLQFGK standing out against collagenase. YATK and FPISNAK stood out against elastase. These findings make it possible to use quinoa-derived peptides as potential candidates for anti-aging.Item Aplicación de la tecnología NIR para análisis de la calidad del Maíz con fines de producción de almidón grado USP para la industria farmacéutica(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-06-11) Giraldo Castañeda, Juan Carlos ; Castillo Ayala, Jorge Enrique (Director)Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) is a fast, non-destructive, and efficient analytical technique for assessing the quality of corn and USP-grade starch, key materials in the pharmaceutical industry. This literature review covers the fundamentals of NIR spectroscopy and the statistical models used to interpret spectral data. The primary calibration methods that optimize the technique's accuracy in quantifying and characterizing both qualitative and quantitative parameters of corn and USP-grade starch are analyzed. The results demonstrate that the application of NIR contributes to rigorous quality control during the production process, ensuring the purity and consistency of starch for pharmaceutical use. Consequently, NIR spectroscopy is establishing itself as a promising technological tool for enhancing efficiency and reliability in the pharmaceutical industry.Item Análisis instrumental de residuos de disparo orgánicos e inorgánicos: Una revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-05-26) Rios Beltran, William Camilo; Ocampo Changuendo, Dennis Mauricio (Director)When a firearm is detonated, a series of residues called gunshot residue (GSR) are released, which due to their chemical composition can be objects of investigation for forensic analysis. This systematic review took 27 recent articles in order to understand how these types of compounds are detected, until instrumental analysis results are obtained and how the expert can use this information to reach conclusions in the forensic investigation. Although the most common tool for identifying this type of compound is SEM-EDS, it emphasizes that the time variable would be the biggest constraint for obtaining results, along with innovations in the type of ammunition (lead-free, heavy metal-free), where compounds other than those of common nations are found, leads to the mention of a series of methodologies as alternatives, which alone or complemented between them and other chemometric techniques or analysis, may be a viable option for the analysis of these new components. It was concluded that although modern techniques offer promising solutions, a number of GSR challenges must be fine-tuned, including the exponential decrease of sample residues during the first hours after firing, as well as harmonization between laboratories and standardization for sample collection.Item Nanopartículas de plata sintetizadas por hongos como conservantes en cosméticos: Una Revisión de literatura(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-06-02) Zuluaga Nitola, Katerin Yulieth; Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director)Se abordó la problemática de la conservación microbiológica en productos cosméticos, considerando los riesgos asociados al uso de conservantes sintéticos, tales como sensibilización e irritación cutánea. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar el potencial de las nanopartículas de plata (AgNP) biosintetizadas mediante hongos como conservantes cosméticos, a partir de la evaluación de su eficacia antimicrobiana, estabilidad en formulaciones, seguridad y viabilidad tecnológica. Para ello, se desarrolló una revisión de la literatura publicada entre 2021 y 2026. El análisis se estructuró en cuatro ejes temáticos: síntesis fúngica y caracterización fisicoquímica de las AgNP; estabilidad y compatibilidad en formulaciones cosméticas en comparación con conservantes tradicionales; evaluación del perfil toxicológico mediante estudios in vitro e in vivo; y análisis de ventajas, limitaciones, retos regulatorios y consideraciones ambientales. Los resultados indicaron que diversas especies fúngicas produjeron AgNP mediante mecanismos intra y extracelulares, con tamaños predominantes entre 10 y 200 nm, morfología mayoritariamente esférica y recubrimiento proteico que facilitó la estabilización de las partículas. Las AgNP exhibieron un amplio espectro antibacteriano y antifúngico, funcionando como conservantes eficaces a bajas concentraciones, sin afectar la estabilidad de las formulaciones ni la compatibilidad con otros activos cosméticos. La toxicidad observada dependió del tamaño, la dosis y el recubrimiento, con limitada penetración cutánea y reducción de citotoxicidad mediante encapsulación o funcionalización. No obstante, persistieron incertidumbres relacionadas con la liberación de Ag⁺, la exposición crónica y los posibles impactos ambientales, así como vacíos regulatorios. Se concluyó que las AgNP biosintetizadas por hongos representaron una alternativa prometedora y alineada con enfoques de síntesis verde; sin embargo, su aplicación requirió un control preciso de sus características fisicoquímicas, la validación de dosis seguras en condiciones reales de uso, la implementación de estrategias de reducción de toxicidad y el fortalecimiento de evaluaciones toxicológicas, ambientales y regulatorias que permitan una adopción responsable en la industria cosmética.Item Metformina en enfermedades metabólicas, análisis de adherencia terapéutica: Una revisión sistemática(Universidad santiago de cali, 2026-06-02) Zapata Osorio, Juan Carlos; Fernández Daza, Fabian Felipe (Director)Metformin has become established as the first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus and other metabolic diseases due to its efficacy, safety, and low cost. However, its long-term use poses clinical challenges related to adverse effects, therapeutic adherence, and effectiveness across different population contexts. This systematic review included 40 studies published between 2015 and 2025 from international databases, evaluating clinical trials, cohort studies, and observational research. The results show that metformin achieves consistent reductions in glycated hemoglobin (0.5–1.5%), fasting glucose, and insulin resistance, in addition to favorable effects on body weight and cardiovascular profile in at-risk populations. The most common adverse effects were gastrointestinal, generally mild and transient, while serious events such as lactic acidosis were reported in patients with advanced renal impairment. Therapeutic adherence was influenced by clinical, economic, cultural, and healthcare access factors, highlighting the importance of medical follow-up and appropriate dose titration. In conclusion, metformin maintains a favorable benefit–risk balance, consolidating its role as an essential drug in the comprehensive management of metabolic diseases and in the prevention of associated complications, although strategies to improve long-term tolerability and adherence are still needed.Item Desarrollo de nanopartículas de quitosano como vehículo para ampicilina en el tratamiento de infecciones bacterianas por Staphylococcus aureus(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Urbano Durango, Luis Carlos; Valencia Ojeda, Sharon Jiney; Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director); Oñate Garzón, José Fernando (Director)This study developed chitosan nanoparticles loaded with ampicillin to enhance their efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus. Nanoparticles were synthesized from chitosan with a degree of acetylation of 10% by ionic gelation with phytic acid and high-intensity ultrasound (30%, 35% and 40%). The nanoparticles were characterized by measurements of particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential and their antimicrobial effectiveness was evaluated by the broth microdilution method. Sizes between 330.3 ± 3.1 nm and 389.7 ± 6.3 nm were obtained, with zeta potential of +39.3 ± 3.3 mV to +48.7 ± 0.9 mV, depending on the intensity of the applied ultrasound. The in-vitro antimicrobial activity showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of free ampicillin was 1 µg/mL, while, when included in nanoparticles, the MIC decreased to 0.5 µg/mL (30% and 35% ultrasound) and 0.25 µg/mL (40%). These results suggest that chitosan nanoparticles improve the antibacterial action of ampicillin and represent a promising alternative for more effective and sustainable antimicrobial treatmentsItem Propuesta de mejoramiento del programa de farmacovigilancia en pacientes con cáncer de mama que reciben quimioterapia oral en un servicio farmacéutico ambulatorio de alto costo en Cali(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Cortes López, Mayra Alejandra; Castro Prias, Diana Marcela; Garcia Pretelt, José Antonio (Director); Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director)This project was carried out in a high-cost outpatient pharmacy service in the city of Cali, with the objective of improving the pharmacovigilance program for patients with breast cancer. An initial diagnostic assessment identified areas of improvement in the reporting and monitoring of adverse drug reactions (ADRs), as well as in the ongoing training of the staff involved. To address these deficiencies, strategies were designed and implemented to improve the quality of reporting of adverse effects associated with oral chemotherapy. The impact of these strategies was evaluated using the INVIMA Henri Scale. A significant increase in the final program score was observed, from 44% to 86%. An increase in the number of ADRs was also observed, suggesting greater commitment from the staff involved in reporting and managing these events. The results of this project emphasize the importance of integrating the pharmacovigilance program through ongoing training, the incorporation of technological resources, and compliance with established procedures