Química Farmacéutica

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Análisis de cumplimiento y mejoras potenciales en cosméticos con cannabis o sus derivados en establecimientos farmacéuticos de Cali: Un enfoque en la decisión 833 de 2018
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Gutierrez Corral, Miguel Angel; Amaya Londoño, Nicolas Giuseppe; Chamorro Rengifo, Andrés Felipe (Director)
Cannabis, a plant with a history spanning over 4000 years, has played a vital role in various cultures, from ancient China to pre-Columbian civilizations. Initially revered for its medicinal and spiritual properties, cannabis has faced stigmatization in the modern era due to political and social influences. However, in recent decades, it has experienced a resurgence in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields, supported by scientific evidence of its efficacy in treating various conditions. Cannabis regulation varies by country, ranging from legalization to prohibition. In the cosmetic realm, it has become a popular ingredient due to its moisturizing and antioxidant properties. However, lack of compliance with regulations can compromise consumer safety. Evaluating compliance of cannabis products at the regulatory level is necessary to protect the population from the use of illegal products that may jeopardize health. According to this study, which focused on evaluating compliance of cosmetic products with cannabis in the city of Cali with Decision 833 of 2018 (Colombian regulation?), surveys and pie charts were used to assess labeling and consumer safety compliance. The results indicate that a important proportion of respondents (35.7%) are unaware of the existence of Decision 833 of 2018, 50% do not verify or review mandatory health notifications, and 80,6% do not review mandatory warnings on labels. This demonstrates a lack of awareness regarding the importance of health registration and mandatory warnings on labels, raising concerns about consumer safety. Increasing transparency, education, and regulation in the industry is recommended to enhance consumer confidence and ensure product safety.
Análisis del impacto de la implementación de sistemas de distribución de medicamentos en dosis unitaria en entidades de salud de alta complejidad
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Ochoa Caicedo, Jorge Fernando; Valderrama Cuellar, William Alexander (Director)
This study analyzed the impact of implementing Unit Dose Medication Distribution Systems (UDMDS) in high-complexity healthcare institutions in Colombia. Through a literature review and an analysis of local and international cases, the effects of these systems were evaluated in three key areas: patient safety, operational efficiency, and cost control. The findings show that UDMDS significantly reduces medication errors, optimizes logistical and administrative processes, and contributes to the financial sustainability of institutions by minimizing pharmaceutical waste. In Colombia, experiences from institutions such as Clínica Fundación Valle del Lili and Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe demonstrate promising results, although regulatory gaps and challenges related to technological infrastructure and staff training remain obstacles to the widespread implementation of UDMDS in the country. This study highlights the need to develop specific strategies for the adoption and integration of UDMDS to enhance the quality of care and strengthen the Colombian healthcare system.
Avances en la detección de ketamina: Revisión sistemática
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Hernández Gaviria, María Inés; Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director); Acevedo Restrepo, Isabel (Directora)
Ketamine is a substance used both medically and recreationally, and its detection poses a challenge in clinical and forensic contexts. This systematic review aims to evaluate the approaches used to identify ketamine and its metabolites in biological matrices and beverages. A bibliographic search was carried out following the PRISMA Declaration in databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect, among others, resulting in 15 selectedstudies published between 2010 and 2025. The methods described include conventional chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS, GC-MS), as well as electrochemical, optical, and paper-based biosensors. Sensors based on molecular imprinting, aptamers, and nanostructured materials stood out for their portability, low cost, and analysis times of less than 10 minutes. Alternative matrices (saliva, hair, and adulterated beverages) demonstrated significant advances in sensitivity, specificity, and in situ applicability. However, challenges remain in validation and standardization processes. It is concluded that methodological diversity enables broader and more timely ketamine detection, with implications for public health, justice, and the prevention of drug-facilitated crimes. Keywords: Biological matrices; biosensors
Avances y desafíos en la aplicación de espectroscopía de infrarrojo cercano (NIR) para el desarrollo de nanomateriales en biomedicina: “revisión sistemática”
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Ordoñez Moreno, Maribel; Ríos Acevedo, Jhon Jairo (Director)
Beneficios y efectos adversos en el uso del cannabis como tratamiento para pacientes que sufren enfermedades neurodegenerativas como Alzheimer y Parkinson revisión sistemática
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Vallejo Freire, Daniela Estefania; Rojas Barreto, Julian Alonso (Director)
This systematic review analyzes the use of cannabinoids, particularly cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease. Selected studies report neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory effects and improvements in patients' quality of life, especially in symptoms such as pain and muscle stiffness. Despite the observed benefits, adverse effects such as fatigue, dizziness and, in some cases, mild cognitive impairment associated with THC were identified. The results suggest that cannabinoids offer promising therapeutic potential, but further research is required to establish appropriate dosing protocols and better understand their long-term effects.
Cannabis medicinal en el tratamiento alternativo del insomnio crónico en pacientes polimedicados: Una revisión sistemática
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Canas Rodríguez, Sebastian; Rojas Barreto, Julián Alonso (Director)
Chronic insomnia represents a significant public health problem which affects the quality of life of a considerable proportion of the population. This condition is exacerbated in patients taking multiple medications, who frequently seek alternatives to conventional treatments to minimize adverse effects. In this context, medicinal cannabis has emerged as a promising therapeutic option due to its potential to improve sleep quality. A systematic review was developed following PRISMA guidelines, which included an exhaustive search in electronic databases. The characteristics of the studies, population, interventions and results were analyzed, evaluating the methodological quality using specific tools for clinical trials and observational studies. The main compounds in cannabis, THC and CBD, were found to interact with the endocannabinoid system to regulate sleep patterns. THC showed sedative effects, while CBD showed benefits in treating insomnia by reducing anxiety and stress, contributing factors to sleep disorders. CBD has shown particular promise for its anxiolytic properties and ability to improve sleep quality without the psychoactive effects characteristic of THC. It was concluded that more rigorous clinical trials are needed to establish specific recommendations on the use of medicinal cannabis in the treatment of chronic insomnia, emphasizing the importance of a personalized approach.
Caracterización de incidencias de reacciones adversas medicamentosas asociadas a anticoagulantes y diseño de guía de uso clínico para pacientes anticoagulados
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Vélez Hernández, Natalia; Rios Acevedo, Jhon Jairo (Director)
Pathologies associated with poor blood coagulation such as DVT (deep vein thrombosis), stroke (cerebrovascular accident), venous thromboembolism, pulmonary embolism, among others; These require a drug that helps the clot that is produced inside a vein or artery not to occlude it, at this point is when anticoagulants play a very important role, being one of the most widely used groups of drugs in Colombia, for this reason a retrospective study was conducted by reviewing 150 clinical histories of anticoagulated patients in the health provider institution Hospital Universitario del Valle, in the period from 2018 to 2022, in order to identify what is the incidence of a patient to present or not an ADR (adverse drug reaction) or AE (adverse event). The age group between 40-90 years was identified, where the prevalence of presenting an undesired reaction during treatment varied according to the anticoagulant used: for Enoxaparin it was 74%, for Dalteparin it was 71%, for Apixaban it was 40% and for Heparin it was 89%. On the other hand, it was possible to identify that the most frequent adverse event was nausea with approximately 40%. Following this, the Chi-square test was performed, where correlation was observed between different variables such as the adverse event presented, the concentration of the anticoagulant and the duration of treatment; by means of these data, it was observed which of the hypotheses was fulfilled for each type of analysis, finding that there is no relationship of influence in terms of age vs. anticoagulant administered and age vs. frequency of presenting an undesired event, while there was a relationship between the other cases already mentioned.
Desarrollo de un método alterno comprendido en la farmacopea estadounidense (USP) para la determinación cualitativa de impurezas de monoestearil maleato y alcohol estearílico presentes en el estearil fumarato sódico por cromatografía de capa fina (CCF)
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Rojas Daza, Andrés Felipe; Castro Bonilla, Duván Andrés; Flórez Flórez, Edwin (Director)
In the pharmaceutical industry, analytical procedures play a crucial role in ensuring the quality, safety and efficacy of materials/products, where reproducible and reliable results are obtained. In the present study, an alternative methodology to that presented by the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) was developed in the limit test of stearyl alcohol (AE) and monostearyl maleate (MM) of the raw material Sodium stearyl fumarate (SEF), through the thin layer chromatography technique with the in order to improve the separation and resolution (hue/intensity) of the spots of the compounds of interest because in the current methodology these parameters generate a confusing result for the analyst. Different tests were carried out, experimentally studying the stationary phase, modifying the proportions and solvents of the mobile phase and testing different revealing agents. Finally, an alternate procedure was proposed, where the separation of the spots of interest, their intensity and tonality were improved with RF values for sodium stearyl fumarate, stearyl alcohol and monostearyl maleate of 0,35; 0,65; 0,05; compared to what was obtained in the version of the pharmacopoeial methodology of 0,47; 0,48 and 0,40 respectively, which ensures the reliability of the results
Detección de medicamentos falsificados por espectroscopia en el infrarrojo cercano: “revisión sistemática”
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Narvaez Torres, Lisveth Rocio; Ríos Acevedo, Jhon Jairo (Director)
Drug counterfeiting is a growing threat to public health worldwide, and it is estimated that between 10% and 50% of drugs used in low- and middle-income countries may be counterfeit. In light of this challenge, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR spectroscopy) has emerged as a promising tool for the rapid and nondestructive detection of counterfeit drugs. In this study, we systematically reviewed recent literature (2017-2024) on the application of NIR spectroscopy for drug authentication and analyzed its advantages, limitations, and technological developments. The methodology included a comprehensive search of academic databases and applied rigorous selection criteria to ensure the quality and relevance of the included studies. The evaluation took into account, among other things, trial design, sample size, types of drugs analyzed and validation methods. The results show that the NIR method is effective in detecting different types of counterfeit drugs, such as antibiotics and analgesics. The combination of NIR with advanced data analysis methods, such as machine learning and artificial neural networks, has significantly improved the accuracy of drug ingredient identification and quantification. Challenges associated with formulation and packaging variability and strategies to reduce them, such as the use of spectral preprocessing techniques, will be discussed. The miniaturization of NIR instruments and their integration with other spectroscopic techniques will increase their usefulness in resource-limited environments.
Determinación del contenido de compuestos fenólicos y actividad antioxidante del extracto etanol/acuoso de la pulpa de arazá (Eugenia stipitata)
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Peña Ardila, Leidy Carolina; Montenegro Mora, Estefanía; Castillo Ayala, Jorge Enrique (Director)
The objective of this work is to determine the antioxidant capacity of the phenolic compounds present in the pulp of arazá (Eugenia spititata Mc Vaugh), for this the extraction of bioactive compounds was carried out in three different media (aqueous, hydroethanolic 50:50 , ethanolic) in which a yield percentage of 2.9%, 3.5%, 3.3% respectively was obtained. Next, a phytochemical test was carried out to qualitatively identify the presence of bioactive compounds present in the extracts. Subsequently, the content of phenolic compounds was quantified by the folin-Ciocalteu method for each of the extracts taking gallic acid as a reference standard, where it was observed that the ethanolic extract had a higher content of phenolic compounds with a value of 506 .2500 equivalents in mg/L of gallic acid (GAE) in the extract. Finally, the antioxidant capacity of each of the extracts was evaluated by the ABTS method, resulting in an inhibitory concentration of 50 (IC50) for the ethanolic extract of 10.01mg/L, the hydroethanolic extract of 16.65mg/L, and finally the aqueous of 19.11mg/L, these results were compared with the reference standard and the antioxidant capacity equivalent to Trolox was calculated.
Diseño de un programa de gestión del riesgo aplicable en el proceso productivo en una central de mezclas
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Cechagua Suarez, María Angelica; Quintero Ortiz, Alejandro; Suarez Osorio, Liseth (Directora); Ruiz Pauly, Nathalie (Codirectora)
Risk analysis is a systematic process used in different fields to identify, assess and control risks associated with the execution of processes, usually large-scale and branching. In the pharmaceutical 5 field, risk analysis is essential to ensure the safety and quality of medicines, so professionals in this field must be trained in techniques and methodologies for risk management. In this sense, the objective of this project was to design a risk management program applied to the production process of a mixing plant in Cali, Colombia. This process will identify and assess the risks associated with the processes and products manufactured at the plant. This makes it possible to implement preventive and corrective measures to minimize risks and ensure patient safety. The project was carried out by implementing the Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA). The risks associated with different stages of the process were identified and classified into three levels according to their severity, occurrence and ability to detect. The results indicated that 56% of risks were acceptable, 39% acceptable under specific conditions and 5% unacceptable. Corrective measures implemented included improved operating procedures, staff training, preventive maintenance and optimization of critical systems such as power supply. The study highlighted the effectiveness of FMEA in mitigating risks in critical pharmaceutical processes and stressed the importance of proactive management that includes continuous training and technological modernization. Although the limitations in infrastructure and financial resources presented challenges, the methodology adopted proved to be adaptable to the Colombian context. This model is a strategic tool for improving product quality and safety, as well as strengthening the competitiveness of pharmaceutical facilities at the national level.
Disminución de la resistencia a ampicilina en cepas de Staphylococcus aureus resistentes a meticilina a través de nanoliposomas funcionalizados con polímeros de Hidroxipropilmetilcelulosa y Carboximetilcelulosa
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2023) Sáenz, María Valentina; Materon Luna, Daniela; Oñate Garzon, José Fernando (Director)
The methicillin-resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) causes infections that are resistant to most antibiotics, becoming a public health problem. The implementation of the delivery of ampicillin, a broad-spectrum antibiotic, was evaluated to avoid enzymatic degradation and achieve localized delivery that increases biological activity. For this, nanoliposomes coated with a non-ionic polymer such as hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) and an anionic polymer such as carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) were used, which were prepared by the ethanol injection method and coated with the layer-by-layer method. Subsequently, the physicochemical characterization was carried out, using the Z-sizer equipment, to determine the size and find the surface charge (z potential). Then, by ultracentrifugation, the encapsulated ampicillin was separated and the encapsulation efficiency was extended. Then, the microbial susceptibility test was performed on two Staphylococcus aureus strains: sensitive ATCC25923 (MSSA) and resistant ATCC43300 (MRSA) to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Finally, variations in the size of the nanoliposomes functionalized with ampicillin-loaded polymers will be changed, which have various sizes (400-1000 nm), polydispersity from 0.4 to 0.7, zeta potential (-51 to -79 mV) and an encapsulation efficiency of about 92% in HPMC and 77% for CMC. However, the antibacterial effect was not as expected, since the nanosystems do not allow ampicillin to be fully released and can effectively reduce the bacterial resistance of the Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain.
Efectos en la salud de las interacciones toxicológicas de la cocaína adulterada con Levamisol en Colombia: revisión sistemática
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025-09-29) Medina Melo, Daniela; Ocampo Chaguendo, Dennis Mauricio (Director)
The adulteration of cocaine with levamisole has become a growing global and public health problem in Colombia. This systematic review compiles the health effects derived from this toxicological interaction with levamisole, a veterinary anthelmintic, which increases the volume of the drug and enhances its effects (Solomon, N., et al., 2017). Through a systematic review using databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, among others, several clinical cases were compiled, in which the most serious adverse effect was determined to be vasculitis. The results also highlighted that Medellín is the city with the highest number of reported clinical cases due to this toxicological interaction. The contribution of this work is the confirmation of a recurring clinical picture associated with the use of the cocaine- levamisole mixture (vasculitis, agranulocytosis, neutropenia, skin necrosis). However, the search also considered the possibility of finding other less documented adverse effects such as renal, systemic vascular, pulmonary or neurological involvement (described in some international reports).
Efectos toxicológicos de los opioides en contexto de abuso: Revisión sistemática
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Lombo Pastrana, Lina Isabel; Ocampo Chaguendo, Dennis Mauricio (Director)
Non-medical opioid use is a global public health problem associated with high morbidity and mortality, particularly from overdose and systemic complications. In recent decades, the abuse of these substances has shown a sustained increase, driven by their availability, recreational use, and, in some cases, inappropriate prescription. The present study aimed to identify and analyze the toxicological effects of opioids in contexts of abuse, based on recent scientific evidence. A systematic review was conducted following the guidelines of the PRISMA 2020 statement, with search criteria in databases such as Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, and SciELO, selecting articles published between 2020 and 2024, in English and Spanish, that addressed clinical cases, observational studies, and cohort analyses related to intoxication, overdose, or complications resulting from opioid use. Twenty studies were included that provided evidence on co-ingestion of substances, illicit market variability, estimation of naloxone requirements, clinical management with buprenorphine, harm reduction strategies, and therapeutic vaccine development. The findings show that acute opioid toxicity can range from mild symptoms to severe conditions requiring immediate intervention, including central nervous system depression, respiratory complications, and opioid- induced leukoencephalopathy (Shastry et al., 2024; Bansari, 2024; Ramawad et al., 2024). Combined use with other CNS depressants, such as benzodiazepines, gabapentinoids, or methamphetamine, increases the risk of severe adverse events and mortality (Bhara et al., 2024; Duhart et al., 2022; Larnder et al., 2022; Smith et al., 2023). Early interventions, supervised consumption settings, access to naloxone, and buprenorphine management strategies have been shown to be effective in reducing complications and the risk of abuse (Chong et al., 2020; Chhabra et al., 2020; Irvine et al., 2022). In conclusion, the review highlights the need to strengthen strategies for prevention, early diagnosis, and timely management of opioid poisoning, as well as the regulation and monitoring of substances with abuse potential. Furthermore, it shows that a combination of clinical, social, and public policy interventions constitutes a comprehensive approach to mitigating the adverse effects of opioid use and reducing associated mortality.
Estandarización de medicamentos de pediatría en un Hospital Público Nivel 1 de la Ciudad de Cali
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2023) Hidalgo Giraldo, Laura Marcela; Chamorro Rengifo, Andrés Felipe (Director)
This project standardizes the method of preparation, stability time and concentration of the drugs Amikacin 500 mg/2 mL, Betamethasone 4 mg/1 mL, Cephalexin 250 mg/5 mL, Cefradine 1 g, Furosemide 20 mg/2 mL, Penicillin g benzathine 2,400,000 U. I and Penicillin g sodium 5,000,000 U. I in a pediatric service in a public hospital of level one in the city of Cali, Colombia, from the development by non-sequential stages, and a quantitative methodology to collect information with closed questions, and open, with measurable answers to the nursing staff, about general knowledge of the administration of the seven medications. In this, the development of a table of dilution and stabilities of the drugs, and a guide for their safe use is achieved. Finally, it is important to strengthen patient safety, focused on the use of medications, because when considering the physiological conditions of pediatric patients, it is a requirement to have greater caution when administering medications; Likewise, the importance of implementing this type of documents in the institution is determined, in order to mitigate the occurrence of errors and adverse events associated with medications.
Estrategias en el uso seguro de antibióticos carbapenémicos (imipenem, meropenem, ertapenem, doripenem) en un “programa de uso regulado de antibióticos”
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2022) Valdes Burbano, Angelly; Guazá Vega, Miguel Enrique; Ríos Acevedo, John Jairo (Director)
The purpose of this study is to demonstrate through a systematic review the importance of implementing a clinical pathway for the safe use of the carbapenem antibiotics imipenem, meropenem, doripenem and ertapenem, used for the treatment of diseases caused by ESKAPE bacteria in the hospital sector. For this purpose, a bibliographic review was carried out in the ScienceDirect, Scopus, Taylor & Francis and Gale databases, using the keywords "imipenem, meropenem, doripenem and ertapenem". In this way, 36 articles were selected, in which information was found regarding dosage, bacterial resistance and alternative antibiotics, which served as an opening for the design of a clinical pathway detailing the steps to be followed by medical personnel to safely administer carbapenemics.
Estudio de la cinética de liberación de metformina intercalada con la arcilla sericita
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2022) Palechor Gálvez, Jairo Alejandro; Ríos Acevedo, John Jairo (Director)
New pharmaceutical technologies make it possible to improve people's quality of life with discoveries in new delivery systems, pharmaceutical forms and new active ingredients. Metformin is an active ingredient widely used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, this in turn is considered one of the most far-reaching pandemics in the 21st century and this has occurred due to our lifestyle, therefore; All kinds of development and focus on this active principle can bring great advances and benefits to those affected by this pathology. In this study, several intercalations between metformin and sericite were carried out. In vitro release studies were performed on these formulations, where the stomach fluid was simulated with a pH 1,2 hydrochloric acid solution and the intestinal fluid with pH 6 solutions. 8 and 7,4 at a constant temperature of 37 ± 0,5°C. Additionally, the behavior of the matrix is explained by a study of release kinetics and qualitative tests such as IR, DSC and TGA. It was observed that the formulation that presented the best behavior was the one that had a composition of 90% metformin by 10% sericite, obtaining a release percentage of 86% at 8 hours. A release kinetic study was carried out on this formulation. it had a very similar behavior to the Higuchi model with a correlation coefficient of 0,93, to finish; qualitative tests indicate that the interactions between the delivery matrix and the active ingredient are physical.
Evaluación de la actividad antimicrobiana de colistina encapsulada en nanopartículas de quitosano frente a bacterias extremadamente drogo resistentes
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2023) Barrera Vélez, Alejandro-Programa Química Farmacéutica ; Pacheco Sierra, Fabian Alexander-Programa Microbiología; Oñate Garzón, José Fernando; Polo Cerón, Dorian
Antibiotics are a crucial tool in the fight against bacterial infections, both in humans and animals. However, inappropriate use of these drugs has led to bacteria adapting and developing resistance to them, as is the case of P. aeruginosa bacteria, which has multiple ways of resisting even last-line antibiotics, such as colistin. This antimicrobial polypeptide is effective against gram-negative bacteria, but it has nephrotoxic side effects and its efficacy is decreasing against P. aeruginosa. To address this global problem, new techniques have been developed to improve the antimicrobial activity of existing antibiotics. One such technique is the encapsulation of colistin in a natural polymer called chitosan, which improves drug dispersion and increases its activity against bacteria. Recent studies evaluated the performance of chitosan nanoparticles loaded with antibiotics to treat bacterial resistance. The results indicated a significant decrease in bacterial antimicrobial activity, suggesting that the chitosan encapsulation technique could be a promising alternative for the treatment of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. To determine this, the performance of chitosan nanoparticles loaded with colistin was synthesized, characterized and evaluated against 2 strains of P. aeruginosa, one sensitive and the other extremely resistant to colistin; obtaining as a result a decrease in the microbial activity (going from growth at colistin concentration of 16 µ/mL to 4 µ/mL) of extremely resistant P. aeruginosa
Evaluación de la capacidad descontaminante in-vitro de las cáscaras de chontaduro en aguas contaminadas por ibuprofeno
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) García Becerra, Betty Eliana; Urbano Montero, Marylin; Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director)
Currently, activated carbon is one of the most widely used adsorbent materials for environmental remediation purposes, especially for treating water contaminated with pharmaceuticals. In this regard, one of the main focuses is its production from renewable raw materials, such as residual plant matter, which in many cases is underutilized. In order to contribute to this approach, this study obtained activated carbon from peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) shells, a locally abundant waste product, through calcination using an acidic chemical agent (H3PO4) and a basic chemical agent (NaOH). Subsequently, the materials obtained were characterized through infrared spectroscopy, Boehm titration, and zero point of charge analysis. Furthermore, their in-vitro adsorption capacity for ibuprofen in aqueous solutions at neutral, acidic, and basic pH values was evaluated. The results obtained confirmed the successful production of activated carbon using both proposed methods, with more than 4000 mmol of surface functional groups per gram of material. Additionally, functional groups such as carboxylic acids, phenols, lactones, and amines were identified on the surface of the adsorbent materials. Finally, it was observed that these functional groups could be charged over a wide pH range, enhancing the removal of ibuprofen from aqueous media, reaching up to approximately 5 mg of ibuprofen per gram of activated carbon. This study highlights the potential of chontaduro shells as an alternative raw material for the production of adsorbent materials capable of removing ibuprofen from aqueous environments.
Evaluación de las propiedades fisicoquímicas y farmacotecnicas de almidones de yuca (Manihot esculenta) modificado a partir de fosfatos
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Ríos Castrillón, Luis Arturo; Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director)
Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is the fifth most produced agricultural product in Colombia and is grown in all 32 departments. Two varieties are produced: sweet cassava, intended for human consumption, and industrial or bitter cassava, intended for industrial segments. Industrial cassava represents an average of 7% of total cassava production in the country, while the remaining 93% is used for the production of sweet cassava. This causes sweet cassava to experience abrupt price drops due to overproduction, while industrial cassava is insufficient to supply industry, thus failing to meet market demand. Therefore, it is necessary to expand the horizons regarding the use of this tuber, taking advantage of the fact that its starch is a good asset for different industries such as food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. However, the structure of the starch can be modified to improve its properties. In this study, cassava starch was modified through an esterification process using primary and secondary sodium phosphates under weak acidity conditions in a semi-dry process, yielding starch phosphates with varying phosphorus contents. These starches were subsequently subjected to physicochemical and pharmacotechnical characterization tests (viscosity, swelling power, solubility, water absorption, pH, particle shape, apparent and compact density, apparent and compacted volume, Carr index and Hausner index, and infrared spectrometry). This study compared the functional properties of native cassava starch and modified starches, in order to analyze the impact of the modifications on key characteristics among the most relevant findings are: In the swelling power of the native starch, 0.97 g / g was obtained, which is a moderate water absorption capacity and in the modified starches the increase was found between 1.18 - 1.65 g / g showing that phosphatization altered the granular structure, favoring water retention. On the other hand, in the flow and compressibility properties, the apparent density of the native starch was 0.735 g / mL and that of the modified starches was 0.600 - 0.667 g / mL indicating greater porosity. The Carr index for native starch was 6.31% and for modified starch it was 9.82 – 12.48% with acceptable fluidity with greater cohesion and the Hausner index for native starch was 1.07 (low compressibility) and for modified starches it was 1.11 – 1.14 (moderate compressibility).

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