Química Farmacéutica

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Actividad antibacterial, antioxidante y antitumoral de la vainillina y sus derivados: Revisión sistemática
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025-12-11) Cruz Tapasco, Daniela; Illicachi Romero, Luis Alberto (Director)
Vanillin and its derivatives have attracted considerable interest in biomedical research due to their structural versatility and the possibility of optimizing their properties through chemical modifications. This systematic review analyzed 68 articles published between 2015 and 2025 that evaluated the antibacterial, antioxidant, and antitumor activity of these compounds, mainly considering the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), median inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀), and antioxidant capacity in DPPH and ORAC assays. The results show that several derivatives exhibit remarkable antibacterial potency, reaching MIC values comparable to or lower than reference antibiotics against clinically relevant pathogens, supporting their potential as alternative antimicrobial agents. In the field of oncology, multiple compounds demonstrated marked antitumor activity in cell lines such as MCF-7, HepG2, SKOV3, and A549, with low IC₅₀ values and mechanisms of action related to oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway, or modulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, confirming that vanillin is a promising scaffold for the design of chemotherapeutic agents. At the same time, several derivatives, particularly hydrazones and metal complexes, showed a high capacity for free radical scavenging in antioxidant assays, suggesting potential applications as therapeutic adjuvants and in the prevention of diseases associated with oxidative stress. Taken together, the findings highlight the value of vanillin as a versatile structural core in the development of molecules with multifunctional applications against resistant bacteria, cancer, and cellular oxidation processes. However, most studies have been conducted only in in vitro models, making it necessary to move toward in vivo research and clinical trials to validate its efficacy and safety for future pharmacological application.
Análisis de cumplimiento y mejoras potenciales en cosméticos con cannabis o sus derivados en establecimientos farmacéuticos de Cali: Un enfoque en la decisión 833 de 2018
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Gutierrez Corral, Miguel Angel; Amaya Londoño, Nicolas Giuseppe; Chamorro Rengifo, Andrés Felipe (Director)
Cannabis, a plant with a history spanning over 4000 years, has played a vital role in various cultures, from ancient China to pre-Columbian civilizations. Initially revered for its medicinal and spiritual properties, cannabis has faced stigmatization in the modern era due to political and social influences. However, in recent decades, it has experienced a resurgence in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields, supported by scientific evidence of its efficacy in treating various conditions. Cannabis regulation varies by country, ranging from legalization to prohibition. In the cosmetic realm, it has become a popular ingredient due to its moisturizing and antioxidant properties. However, lack of compliance with regulations can compromise consumer safety. Evaluating compliance of cannabis products at the regulatory level is necessary to protect the population from the use of illegal products that may jeopardize health. According to this study, which focused on evaluating compliance of cosmetic products with cannabis in the city of Cali with Decision 833 of 2018 (Colombian regulation?), surveys and pie charts were used to assess labeling and consumer safety compliance. The results indicate that a important proportion of respondents (35.7%) are unaware of the existence of Decision 833 of 2018, 50% do not verify or review mandatory health notifications, and 80,6% do not review mandatory warnings on labels. This demonstrates a lack of awareness regarding the importance of health registration and mandatory warnings on labels, raising concerns about consumer safety. Increasing transparency, education, and regulation in the industry is recommended to enhance consumer confidence and ensure product safety.
Análisis de la contaminación de evidencia traza en casos de homicidios: desafíos y perspectivas en la química forense. Revisión sistemática
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025-11-12) Mosquera Cuchillo, María Isabel; Ocampo Chaguendo, Dennis Mauricio (Director)
Trace evidence in homicide cases posed a challenge to the reliability and authenticity of forensic analyses in judicial proceedings. This study aimed to identify the factors and characteristics that contributed to this phenomenon and evaluate forensic chemistry strategies for addressing it. A systematic literature review was conducted using the PRISMA method, implementing the STROBE and CONSORT technical quality criteria. The research included databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Scielo, Redalyc, and Google Scholar, considering publications from 2013 to 2025. It was evident that trace evidence results were vulnerable to contamination due to handling and manipulation errors, environmental conditions, deficiencies in the chain of custody, and secondary transfer. Similarly, it was observed that technologies such as high-resolution mass spectrometry and next-generation sequencing increased the accuracy and sensitivity of the analyses, but also further highlighted the impact of contamination.
Análisis del impacto de la implementación de sistemas de distribución de medicamentos en dosis unitaria en entidades de salud de alta complejidad
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Ochoa Caicedo, Jorge Fernando; Valderrama Cuellar, William Alexander (Director)
This study analyzed the impact of implementing Unit Dose Medication Distribution Systems (UDMDS) in high-complexity healthcare institutions in Colombia. Through a literature review and an analysis of local and international cases, the effects of these systems were evaluated in three key areas: patient safety, operational efficiency, and cost control. The findings show that UDMDS significantly reduces medication errors, optimizes logistical and administrative processes, and contributes to the financial sustainability of institutions by minimizing pharmaceutical waste. In Colombia, experiences from institutions such as Clínica Fundación Valle del Lili and Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe demonstrate promising results, although regulatory gaps and challenges related to technological infrastructure and staff training remain obstacles to the widespread implementation of UDMDS in the country. This study highlights the need to develop specific strategies for the adoption and integration of UDMDS to enhance the quality of care and strengthen the Colombian healthcare system.
Análisis químico de bebidas adulteradas con Benzodiazepinas: una revisión sistemática
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025-10-18) Peña Burgos, Ana Sofia; Ocampo Chaguendo, Dennis Mauricio (Director)
Chemical subjugation through the adulteration of beverages with benzodiazepines (BDZ) represented a significant public health and safety problem, associated with an increase in reported cases in recreational and social settings. This phenomenon was linked to the ability of BDZ to induce sedation, amnesia, and loss of consciousness, facilitating the commission of crimes without resistance from the victims. A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines, which included a comprehensive search of electronic databases, analyzing studies based on the adulterated beverage, the BDZ used, and the instrumental techniques applied for its detection. The included reports showed a marked preference for alcoholic beverages as a vehicle for adulteration, attributed to their ability to mask the bitter taste of BDZ and synergistically enhance their depressing effects on the central nervous system. Soft drinks, juices, and tea were found to a lesser extent, while water, coffee, and milk were marginally used due to their organoleptic and contextual limitations. Pharmacologically, diazepam was the most commonly used BDZ, followed by clonazepam, alprazolam, and flunitrazepam, due to its availability, potency, and favorable pharmacokinetic profile. In the analytical field, chromatographic techniques coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS, LC-MS/MS, UHPLCHRMS) have established themselves as reference methodologies for forensic confirmation due to their high sensitivity, specificity, and robustness. At the same time, portable technologies such as Raman spectroscopy, SERS, and various biosensors have emerged as useful complementary tools for in-situ screening, especially in operational contexts that require speed and accessibility. In this sense, the strategic integration of high-resolution confirmatory methodologies with rapid field detection devices is a fundamental pillar for optimizing forensic response and strengthening social prevention efforts against crimes associated with chemical subjugation.
Aplicación de técnicas cromatográficas y espectrometría de masas para la identificación y cuantificación de catinonas sintéticas en muestras incautadas: Una revisión sistemática
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2026-02-09) Bravo Rios, Esteban; Ocampo Chaguendo, Dennis Mauricio (Director)
Synthetic cathinones or "bath salts", are powerful derivatives of the natural cathinone of the khat bush. They emerged as legal alternatives to amphetamines and MDMA, taking advantage of changes in their chemical structure to circumvent international regulations. Due to their constant molecular evolution and the emergence of positional isomers (such as 3-CMC and 4-CMC), their detection represents a critical challenge for forensic toxicology. The methodology of this review followed the PRISMA protocol, analyzing 16 studies selected from scientific databases: Nature, Oxford, PubMed, Scielo, ScienceDirect, Springer nature, Taylor & Francis and performing a grey search in the Google Schoolar database under the inclusion and exclusion criteria and in the time interval from 2019 to 2025. Gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (HPLC), coupled with mass spectrometry (MS), are the reference techniques due to their high sensitivity and molecular identification capacity. Although these tools allow complex mixtures and impregnated samples to be analysed, they face limitations such as the high cost of equipment, the need for specialized personnel and the difficulty in distinguishing isomers with identical fragmentations.
Avances en la detección de ketamina: Revisión sistemática
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Hernández Gaviria, María Inés; Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director); Acevedo Restrepo, Isabel (Directora)
Ketamine is a substance used both medically and recreationally, and its detection poses a challenge in clinical and forensic contexts. This systematic review aims to evaluate the approaches used to identify ketamine and its metabolites in biological matrices and beverages. A bibliographic search was carried out following the PRISMA Declaration in databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect, among others, resulting in 15 selectedstudies published between 2010 and 2025. The methods described include conventional chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS, GC-MS), as well as electrochemical, optical, and paper-based biosensors. Sensors based on molecular imprinting, aptamers, and nanostructured materials stood out for their portability, low cost, and analysis times of less than 10 minutes. Alternative matrices (saliva, hair, and adulterated beverages) demonstrated significant advances in sensitivity, specificity, and in situ applicability. However, challenges remain in validation and standardization processes. It is concluded that methodological diversity enables broader and more timely ketamine detection, with implications for public health, justice, and the prevention of drug-facilitated crimes. Keywords: Biological matrices; biosensors
Avances en técnicas espectroscópicas para la detección y análisis de drogas sintéticas en Química Forense: una revisión sistémica
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025-06-09) Torres Muñoz, Vanessa Alexandra; Ocampo Chaguendo, Dennis Mauricio (Director)
The illicit use and trafficking of synthetic drugs have rapidly expanded on a global scale, and traditional detection methods face challenges in keeping up with the new molecular structures emerging in the market of drugs of abuse. In this context, spectroscopic collection techniques have proven to be valuable methods in the forensic chemistry of these compounds. Raman spectroscopy, NIR spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, and FTIR spectroscopy are among the many important techniques for rapid, non-invasive, and real-time analysis due to their ability to promptly identify drugs in complex matrices. However, the implementation of these methodologies faces challenges such as strong matrix interferences, tedious optimization processes, and/or the lack of spectral libraries containing synthetic drugs. Nonetheless, the miniaturization of instruments, the integration of artificial intelligence, and the availability of portable Raman spectrometers are making these techniques more accessible and efficient, particularly for field applications. To overcome these limitations and aid in the fight against illicit drug trafficking especially in countries like Colombia, where the emergence of new psychoactive substances is increasingly prevalent it is essential to achieve further advancements in spectroscopic technology, as well as to increase the number of specialized forensic personnel.
Avances y desafíos en la aplicación de espectroscopía de infrarrojo cercano (NIR) para el desarrollo de nanomateriales en biomedicina: “revisión sistemática”
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Ordoñez Moreno, Maribel; Ríos Acevedo, Jhon Jairo (Director)
Beneficios y efectos adversos en el uso del cannabis como tratamiento para pacientes que sufren enfermedades neurodegenerativas como Alzheimer y Parkinson revisión sistemática
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Vallejo Freire, Daniela Estefania; Rojas Barreto, Julian Alonso (Director)
This systematic review analyzes the use of cannabinoids, particularly cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease. Selected studies report neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory effects and improvements in patients' quality of life, especially in symptoms such as pain and muscle stiffness. Despite the observed benefits, adverse effects such as fatigue, dizziness and, in some cases, mild cognitive impairment associated with THC were identified. The results suggest that cannabinoids offer promising therapeutic potential, but further research is required to establish appropriate dosing protocols and better understand their long-term effects.
Biopelículas con extracto de Psidium guineense: innovación verde para terapias antiinflamatorias
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025-12-11) Quiñones Perea, Sara; Campaña Forero, Joan Sebastián; Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director); Illicachi Romero, Luis Alberto (Director)
The main objective of the research project was the elaboration, characterization and evaluation of polymeric films based on sodium alginate, glycerol and ethanolic extract of P. guineense with potential anti-inflammatory activity, selected for its high content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids and tannins, recognized for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity, it was chosen to be formulated in biofilm because this form allows direct topical application, protection of the extract and controlled release. On the other hand, sodium alginate was chosen as a film-forming polymer because it is biodegradable, biocompatible, non-toxic and capable of forming hydrable matrices that retain and release active ingredients in a sustained manner, The extract was obtained by means of ultrasound and characterized through phytochemical test and thin layer chromatography, confirming the presence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, quantification of these phenolic compounds by the method of Folin-Ciocalteu. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated from the method of inhibition of protein denaturation, obtaining 44% as a result of inhibition for the free extract and 61% for the biofilm, these results were comparable to diclofenac sodium (62%). The findings show that the polymeric matrix largely favored the sustained release of the extract, preserving its bioactivity and evidencing its potential as a topical, biodegradable and controlled-release anti-inflammatory system.
Biorremediación de fuentes hídricas utilizando sistemas micro y nanométricos de quitosano para contaminantes emergentes: una revisión
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025-11-28) Yandi Suarez, Johan Stiven; Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director)
The contamination of water sources by emerging pollutants, particularly pharmaceutical and industrial residues, represents an increasing environmental concern. This study aimed to review the scientific evidence published between 2015 and 2025 on the application of micro- and nanometric chitosan systems for water bioremediation. The search was conducted in international databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, among others) following the PRISMA 2020 methodology, applying inclusion and exclusion criteria to ensure the relevance and quality of the studies. Selected articles reported the synthesis, characterization, and application of chitosan derivatives in the adsorption of pharmaceuticals, antibiotics, and heavy metals. Results showed that chitosan, due to its amino and hydroxyl groups, exhibited a high adsorption capacity, influenced by parameters such as pH, contact time, and adsorbent dosage. Removal efficiencies above 80% were identified for compounds such as diclofenac, ibuprofen, amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, and metals including Cr(VI), As(III/V), and Pb(II). The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were the most commonly applied to describe adsorption processes. Moreover, chemical modifications, incorporation of metal oxides, and the synthesis of magnetic nanocomposites enhanced the stability and contaminant removal capacity of chitosan-based systems.
Cannabis medicinal en el tratamiento alternativo del insomnio crónico en pacientes polimedicados: Una revisión sistemática
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Canas Rodríguez, Sebastian; Rojas Barreto, Julián Alonso (Director)
Chronic insomnia represents a significant public health problem which affects the quality of life of a considerable proportion of the population. This condition is exacerbated in patients taking multiple medications, who frequently seek alternatives to conventional treatments to minimize adverse effects. In this context, medicinal cannabis has emerged as a promising therapeutic option due to its potential to improve sleep quality. A systematic review was developed following PRISMA guidelines, which included an exhaustive search in electronic databases. The characteristics of the studies, population, interventions and results were analyzed, evaluating the methodological quality using specific tools for clinical trials and observational studies. The main compounds in cannabis, THC and CBD, were found to interact with the endocannabinoid system to regulate sleep patterns. THC showed sedative effects, while CBD showed benefits in treating insomnia by reducing anxiety and stress, contributing factors to sleep disorders. CBD has shown particular promise for its anxiolytic properties and ability to improve sleep quality without the psychoactive effects characteristic of THC. It was concluded that more rigorous clinical trials are needed to establish specific recommendations on the use of medicinal cannabis in the treatment of chronic insomnia, emphasizing the importance of a personalized approach.
Caracterización de incidencias de reacciones adversas medicamentosas asociadas a anticoagulantes y diseño de guía de uso clínico para pacientes anticoagulados
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Vélez Hernández, Natalia; Rios Acevedo, Jhon Jairo (Director)
Pathologies associated with poor blood coagulation such as DVT (deep vein thrombosis), stroke (cerebrovascular accident), venous thromboembolism, pulmonary embolism, among others; These require a drug that helps the clot that is produced inside a vein or artery not to occlude it, at this point is when anticoagulants play a very important role, being one of the most widely used groups of drugs in Colombia, for this reason a retrospective study was conducted by reviewing 150 clinical histories of anticoagulated patients in the health provider institution Hospital Universitario del Valle, in the period from 2018 to 2022, in order to identify what is the incidence of a patient to present or not an ADR (adverse drug reaction) or AE (adverse event). The age group between 40-90 years was identified, where the prevalence of presenting an undesired reaction during treatment varied according to the anticoagulant used: for Enoxaparin it was 74%, for Dalteparin it was 71%, for Apixaban it was 40% and for Heparin it was 89%. On the other hand, it was possible to identify that the most frequent adverse event was nausea with approximately 40%. Following this, the Chi-square test was performed, where correlation was observed between different variables such as the adverse event presented, the concentration of the anticoagulant and the duration of treatment; by means of these data, it was observed which of the hypotheses was fulfilled for each type of analysis, finding that there is no relationship of influence in terms of age vs. anticoagulant administered and age vs. frequency of presenting an undesired event, while there was a relationship between the other cases already mentioned.
Caracterización fitoquímica del extracto etanólico de piper hispidum y evaluación in vitro de la actividad antimicobacteriana frente a bacterias del género Mycobacterium
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Mutiz, Naren Julián; González Arias, Catalina; Hernández, Jorge Enrique (Director); Aranaga Arias, Carlos Andrés (Director)
The species Piper hispidum (Family Piperaceae) is a species native to Central and South America which is associated with various pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, diuretic, antimicrobial, antifungal, healing, among others. The selection of this species for the work was based on reports of acrontimicrobial activity for plants of the piper genus. The plant material was collected in the Department of Cali, Valle del Cauca, where an ethanolic extract was prepared using the ultrasound-assisted maceration technique with a yield of 20%, where fractions of different polarities were obtained (petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, butanol and water). The extracts and their fractions were characterized Phytochemically and in relation to their in vitro activity against the strains Mycobacterium abscessus, M. fortitum, M. chelonae and M. smegmatis. The presence of phenolic groups, anthracene glycosides, coumarins, steroids and/or triterpenoids was detected, and the absence of alkaloids, saponins and cardiotonic glycosides was evident. In addition, chromatographic profiles were developed by high-efficiency liquid chromatography (HLC) of the extracts and fractions, which showed compounds of medium and high polarity. The antimycobacterial activity of the extracts and fractions was evaluated by the micro-dilution plate method, which revealed that the compounds contained in the ethanolic extract, as well as the petroleum ether and ethyl acetate fractions of Piper hispidum inhibited the growth at a concentration of 2 mg/mL against the mentioned mycobacteria and for the butanol and water fractions, growth greater than 2 mg/mL was evident.
Comparación de los algoritmos y protocolos recomendados en las terapias farmacológicas sistémicas indicadas por las guías de prácticas clínicas para el tratamiento del cáncer de mama en Colombia, Chile, Brasil, Ecuador, Venezuela, Estados Unidos, Europa y Japón: Una revisión de alcance
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025-09-29) Infante Santos, Carolina; Montealegre Sánchez, Leonel Ives (Director); González Vargas, Iván Andrés (Director)
Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death among women worldwide. In 2022, 2.3 million cases were diagnosed and there were 670,000 deaths, according to the WHO. In Colombia, 93,949 cases and 4,449 deaths were recorded in 2022. Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs) are key tools for standardizing care; however, in Colombia, the 2013 CPG, partially updated in 2017, suggests that it may not reflect recent advances in diagnosis and treatment, highlighting the need for an update. This study conducted a scoping review comparing the CPGs of Colombia, Chile, Brazil, Ecuador, and Venezuela with those of the United States, Europe, and Japan, analyzing publication dates, updates, algorithms, and recommended treatments. It was found that only the guidelines of Colombia, Ecuador, and Europe include decision-making algorithms for breast cancer management. It was identified that Colombia’s CPGs are the most outdated, while Chile’s 2015 guideline has been the regional model to follow. In contrast, the guidelines of Europe and Japan are the most recent, with updates published in 2023, and the United States published in 2021, reflecting a greater commitment to scientific evidence. It is concluded that there are significant differences between the treatments recommended in the CPGs of developed countries and those recommended in the CPGs of South America, highlighting the need for updates in Colombia, Brazil, and Ecuador to improve patients’ quality of life and reduce mortality.
Comparación estadística de las técnicas analíticas de espectroscopia de Absorción Atómica Horno de Grafito (AAS-GF) y espectroscopia de emisión atómica de plasma acoplado inductivamente (ICP-OES) para la determinación de Arsénico en Vinagre
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025-11-20) Saldarriaga Agamez, Christiam; Castillo Alaya, Jorge Enrique (Director)
Objective: To apply the analytical techniques of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission (ICP-OES) and graphite furnace atomic absorption (AA-GF) for the determination of arsenic in vinegar and through a statistical analysis of the coefficient of variation in the results obtained to determine the most optimal method for the quantification of arsenic in vinegar. Methods: During the configuration of the parameters for the atomic absorption equipment, the following was used as carrier gas: Argon, carrier flow: 2.0 L/min in all ramp states, except in atomization, hollow cathode lamp: Arsenic, power source: 300W, matrix modifier: Nickel, detection wavelength 103.7 nm and graphite cell. On the other hand, the configuration parameters for the inductively coupled atomic emission equipment were: plasma power source: 1500W, cooling gas flow: 10L/min, auxiliary gas flow: 0.2L/min, nebulizer gas flow: 0.7/min, torch alignment: Axial, sample flow: 1mL/min, sample introduction medium: Acidic aqueous solution with 2% nitric acid, emptying time: 20s, wavelength for Arsenic: Argon is used as carrier, cooling and auxiliary gas and detection wavelength: 189 nm. Results: Once the results were obtained, the t-test statistical model was applied to compare the results obtained in the tests, differences were found, since the two methods generate significantly different results (P<0.05), generating a coefficient of variation of 3.8% for AA and 0.5% for ICP.
Contaminantes químicos en materias primas falsificadas y medicamentos asociados a intoxicación: Una revisión
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025-12-13) Boada Tascón, Valentina; Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director)
Medicines that do not meet quality standards pose risks to treatment effectiveness, negatively impacting the health of those who use them. The objective of this article is to identify the chemical contaminants present in substandard and counterfeit medicines, whose presence contributes to cases of poisoning. The methodology used was a systematic review of studies published between 2020 and 2025 and indexed in scientific databases, following the PRISMA methodology. Academic databases (ScienceDirect, PubMed, Scopus, Springer, Redalyc, Scielo, Google Scholar, among others) were consulted using DeCS and MeSH descriptors in Spanish and English, combined with Boolean operators. The results showed that drug groups such as antibiotics, antimalarials, antituberculosis drugs, antihypertensives, antidiabetics, antivirals, oncological drugs, contraceptives, and pediatric medications have a higher prevalence of substandard and counterfeit products. It was observed that, after the COVID-19 pandemic, counterfeiting increased due to higher demand and less regulatory control. Various analytical techniques are used for control, allowing the identification of organic impurities, degradation, trace-level mutagenic impurities, heavy metals, and/or biological products, as well as structural characterization. The review of the different studies concludes that the circulation of substandard and counterfeit medicines occurs in various countries, being more prevalent in developing countries due to the presence of illicit economies, lack of controls, and inadequate regulation, which poses risks to consumers, reduces treatment efficacy, and impacts public health.
Cromatografía liquida acoplada a espectrometría de masas en tándem (LC-MS/MS) para la detección de fentanilo en muestras biológicas de orina y cabello humano, revisión sistemática
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025-11-12) Torres García, Estefanía; Ocampo Chaguendo, Dennis Mauricio (Director)
The global increase in the consumption of illicit drugs, particularly synthetic opioids such as fentanyl, has created a public health crisis. In Colombia, there has been a rise in seizures and deaths related to fentanyl in recent years. This study aims to evaluate the advantages and limitations of liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) for the detection of fentanyl in biological samples such as urine and hair. A systematic review was conducted following guidelines established by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI), using databases such as PubMed, Taylor & Francis, ScienceDirect, Springer, and Oxford. Fifty articles in English and Spanish, published between 2019 and 2025, were included. The results showed that LC–MS/MS has gained notable relevance due to its analytical advantages, including high sensitivity, high throughput, rapid turnaround time, and a wide detection range. This method can detect and analyze multiple analytes simultaneously, which is a major advantage for the analysis of fentanyl and its metabolites in biological matrices such as urine (LOD 0.05–2 ng/mL) and hair (LOD 0.05–1.5 pg/mg). It was concluded that LC–MS/MS can help professionals make informed decisions and act in a timely manner when detecting fentanyl in biological samples, thereby supporting the development of prevention strategies in response to the increasing use of this substance.
Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Resolución acoplada a Espectrometría de Masas como técnica analítica para la detección y monitoreo de Ketamina y sus metabolitos en análisis forense: Una revisión sistemática
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025-11-12) Torres García, Manuel Alejandro; Ocampo Chaguendo, Dennis Mauricio (Director)
The increase in recreational use and abuse of ketamine, as well as the identification of its metabolites in illicit contexts, has generated challenges in accurate detection for forensic analysis. This study aimed to systematically review the advantages and limitations of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HPLC/MS) in the identification of ketamine and its metabolites in biological matrices. A systematic review was conducted following the guidelines of the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI), with searches in PubMed, ScienceDirect, SCOPUS, Springer Journal, and SciELO (2020–2025). 47 studies were included after applying inclusion/exclusion criteria and assessing methodological quality. The results showed that HPLC/MS stands out for its high sensitivity (detection limits down to 1 ng/mL), specificity, and capacity to analyze multiple metabolites in complex samples such as blood, urine, and hair. However, technical limitations have been identified, such as the structural similarity between norketamine and dehydronorketamine, which require optimized MS/MS fragmentation protocols to avoid false positives. Furthermore, the technique demonstrated will be fundamental in strengthening forensic surveillance systems and generating evidence for public health policies. It was concluded that, although HPLC/MS is an indispensable tool in forensic toxicology, its effectiveness depends on the standardization of methods and integration with collaborative databases.

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