Bioingeniería
Permanent URI for this collection
Browse
Recent Submissions
Item Evaluación de la potencialidad de reuso del agua de rechazo del sistema de ósmosis inversa (ro) de un centro de diálisis en la ciudad de cali(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2021) Rossi Solis, Luis Antonio; Perez Vidal, Andrea (Directora)Hemodialysis (HD) is a treatment performed in patients with chronic renal insufficiency (CRI), among the many elements of HD, the quality of the water used for the production of dialysis fluid is paramount, for this reason it is necessary to have a complementary system of drinking water treatment, which achieves to purify the water to achieve the quality standards required in HD. This is how the reverse osmosis (RO) system turns out to be an effective technology for this condition. In this research, we evaluated the potential re-use of rejected water (RW) generated by a system used in a dialysis center in the city of Santiago de Cali. A bibliographical review was carried out to establish the physicochemical and microbiological priority variables to be measured. The physicochemical and microbiological characterization of the water entering the RO system and the rejected water (RW) was carried out by 2 composite samplings. Finally, a proposal was made for the different uses of rejected water in various activities of the hemodialysis center based on the estimation of flow rates and water consumption on these activities. The results showed that the characteristics of the water entering the RO system, although it complies with the parameters established for drinking water, is not suitable for use in HD treatment, and the use of the RO system is essential to achieve permeate water of excellent quality. The microbiological characteristics of the RW showed the absence of heterotrophic bacteria, total coliforms, Escherichia coli, thermotolerant coliforms and Salmonella sp, high concentrations were evidenced in parameters such as potassium, chlorides, chromium, total alkalinity, iron, fluorides, manganese, nitrates, sulfates, dissolved solids and conductivity, however, it is suitable for re-use in industrial activities such as sanitary flushing, heat exchange in cooling towers and boilers, mechanical cleaning of roads and in fire-fighting irrigation systems. The use of RW; in irrigation of green areas and gardens may be limited, due to the concentration of fluorides that does not comply with the maximum permissible limit value of resolution 1207/2014. It was observed that the free residual chlorine of the RW does not comply with the minimum value established in resolution 2115 2007, for which it is considered unsuitable for consumption. The local activities in which the RW can be re-used were identified, such as washing mops, washing waste rooms, washing the facade of the dialysis center and flushing toilets, determining their daily consumption; additionally, a scheme of the points of usage in the dialysis center was proposed in Santiago de Cali.Item Aproximación a un protocolo de calibración para el pulsioxímetro(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2021) Arroyo Olayo , Dayana Andrea; Realpe Gomez, Karen Patricia; Argüello, Erick Javier (Director)In clinical practice, the pulse oximeter is one of the most used devices for the diagnosis and monitoring of diseases related to oxygen saturation (SpO2). For this reason, health service providers must have specific protocols for these instruments based on current regulations. However, in Colombia, the current regulations only present general guidelines for the calibration of biomedical devices and there is no standardized protocol for the calibration of pulse oximeters that is based on current regulations. For these reasons and to contribute to the improvement of quality in the provision of the health service, this monograph proposes a calibration protocol for the pulse oximeter that guarantees its proper functioning and, therefore, correct and reliable measurements. For this purpose, a literature review was conducted and it included a search in 4 databases: Google Scholar, Realdcy, Scielo and universiry repositories. 354 documents published in the years 2007-2020 were found. After removing duplicates and examining each of the identified studies, 27 documents were obtained for analysis, including degree theses, legal documents, journal articles, and technical reports. The analysis showed that Colombia is the country with the largest literature on the subject and the only one where a specific protocol has been formulated to calibrate pulse oximeters, but under NTC 7025 of 2005, which makes this protocol out of date today. The proposed protocol is structured in three phases: a first for diagnosis, a second for electrical assurance, and a third and last for the actual calibration of the pulse oximeter. With this contribution, it is expected to submit the proposed protocol to a rigorous evaluation in order to detect shortcomings and make the necessary improvements for its subsequent implementation.Item Plan de mejoramiento ambiental como estrategia de fortalecimiento de la gestión ambiental en la institución sin ánimo de lucro laura vergara de ágreda - casa de la viuda(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2021) Soto Saenz, Miguel Angel; Mina Velasquez, Leopoldo Fernando; Vargas, Jhon Edwar (Director)Environmental management is a process that guides the proper management of productive activities, through the implementation of practices that promote environmental improvement of the organization. This research proposed an environmental improvement plan to strengthen environmental management in the nonprofit institution Laura Vergara de Ágreda - House of the widow, located in the Municipality of Palmira. The methodology was structured in three stages: i) diagnosis, ii) identification and evaluation of environmental impacts, iii) action plan and follow-up. The general results demonstrated opportunities for improvement aspects, such as the storage of drinking water, management of ordinary and recyclable solid waste, management of chemical products, pest control and efficient use of energy resources; the previous aspects must be intervened, in order to achieve sustainability, well-being and efficiency. The action plan proposed five strategies in order to mitigate the effects generated by internal activities, prioritizing the identification of environmental impacts in the aspects previously described. In the follow-up, the indicators and frequency of the actions to be developed in order to achieve the proposed environmental goals were raised, allowing adjustments to be made, considering the new activities that can be performed in the institution. The future implementation of the action and monitoring plans will allow the institution to increase its environmental performance, permanently with social duty and integral actions.Item Estimación de parámetros en el tratamiento del cáncer por quimioterapia por medio del algoritmo de levenbergmarquardt(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2021) Restrepo Diaz, Maria Paula; Paz Carmona, Juan David; Bermeo, Leonardo Antonio (Director)Cancer is a disease that in most cases causes death. One of the most commonly prescribed treatments for cancer patient is chemotherapy. The patients undergoing this treatment have a number of side effects throughout the process because these drugs reach the tumor at a very low percentage dissipating dissipating the remaining percentage of the drug in the patient’s body, affecting also healthy cells and tissues. To improve the behavior of chemotherapy in cancer patients, it is important to study this treatment during the administration of the drug. Chemotherapy can be simulated by mathematical models that allow the analysis of biological systems, and thus improve their behavior from computational simulations. However, there are different models that describe the dynamics of treatment and it is not an easy task to decide which model is the most suitable for a specific treatment which in turn depends on parameters whose behavior is not well known. In this way, simulations for different mathematical models are carried out to know the behavior of chemotherapy, once these simulations are performed, the model that most closely approaches an experimental process of growth of DU-145 cells is chosen and the rate of decay of the drug Doxorubicin is chosen using the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm between the tumor cell growth model and the experimental data. The results indicate that it is only possible to estimate one parameter of the system due to the dependence between them and low sensitivity, thus the estimation of the decay rate of the drug is performed. The results obtained here seek to establish protocols for the planning of chemotherapy with new drugs and different doses in their application and the contribution to a standardization of this parameter in processes of chemotherapy application with Doxorubicin.Item Revisión de procesos de calibración para los equipos de medición en la fabricación de medicamentos(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2022) Cortes Correa, Carlos Andrés; Caicedo Ponce, Javier Camilo; Angulo Zapata, Jhon Sebastián; García Jiménez, Juan Camilo (Director)The objective of this article is to carry out a bibliographic review of the appropriate processes for the calibration of the measuring equipment used in the production of medicines, taking as a reference the analytical balance used in pharmaceutical laboratories. In addition, international calibration requirements for measuring equipment used in the manufacture of medicines at national level will be taken into account, guaranteeing their effectiveness in the market. To fulfill this objective, a descriptive methodology of the information found in databases based on degree works, scientific journals, web pages of organizations and documents of interest is used. Where it was found that the topic of interest has had a growth of study in recent years. The information provided reflects that in Colombia there are current regulations that govern the production of medicines, these measures are of an international scope in which the government has supported itself to designate organizations for said work, this will result in a good regulation of the equipment used in the measurement of medicines in the national territory.Item Diseño de un manual de calidad para el centro de salud divino niño en el municipio de Tumaco (Nariño) enfocado en el área de control prenatal(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2022) Martinez, Norma Liliana; Bermeo Varón, Leonardo Antonio (Director)Divino Niño health center, located in the municipality of San Andres de Tumaco, is an institution that provides first-level healthcare services to the community. The hospital has policies for the constant improvement of clinical practices for customer satisfaction. Currently, the prenatal control area does not have a quality manual that complies with the guidelines or legal requirements for its operation, and with these policies, not only the prenatal control area but all areas must also have quality processes to provide a better service. Thus, in this work, the design of a quality manual for the prenatal control area is carried out where it is included three methodological phases: (i) normative information gathering phase, (ii) analysis phase, and (iii) structuring phase. The results indicate that the design of the quality manual for the prenatal care area at the Divino Niño health center is important since these guidelines improve the processes of user care, thus increasing quality processes oriented to clinical practice.Item Medición de presión continúa basada en tecnología 1ot con aplicación e ensayos de potencial bioquímico de metano(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2022) Lemos Valencia, Yordy Mario; Pérez Vidal, Andrea (Directora)PBM methane biochemical potential assays are an evaluation tool in anaerobic digestion that allows estimating the amount of methane that can be generated for each gram of volatile solids digested used, mainly in studies of degradation of organic solid waste. Within the PBM test, there are different methods to obtain the process information which will arise from the system configuration, the type of access to the process and the way to measure it. One of these methods is manometric, which uses pressure variations to quantify methane generation during anaerobic digestion. However, this method has the characteristic of being linked to recursion and uncertainty due to human error due to the need for an operator. With this research project, the development of a continuous pressure measurement device supported by IoT technology was proposed to be used in biochemical potential tests of Methane, improving the reliability and precision of the measured data and reducing the error inherent in the manometric method. associated with the loss of biogas during each measurement. The development includes the use of Arduino microcontrollers and IoT platforms such as Esp8266 and Blynk for the creation of the device. For the design, specifications were taken into account for the selection of the pressure sensor such as: size, type of supply, measurement range and linearity of the output with respect to the input. The MPX2050 was selected as sensor and the electronic design was carried out with the Proteus tool. The implementation of this design was evaluated through a simultaneous triplicate PBM test and compared with the manual manometric method (MM) using biogas pressure (mbar) as the response variable. For the test, an inoculum concentration of 1.5 mg/L (anaerobic sludge from septic tank) and synthetic substrate (glucose + nutrients) in a COD concentration of 710.5 mg/L were used. Glass containers with a capacity of 250 mL were used, leaving a free space (headspace) of 20%; a digital manometer was used for the MM method. The results indicate that the continuous pressure measurement provided by the device was reliable, improving the uncertainty associated with the manual process with the MM method and achieving a more accurate record of biogas production. It is ruled out that the MM method underestimates biogas production due to its average loss of 50.7 ± 12.9 mbar during each measurement.Item Desarrollo de un sistema para la gestión de mantenimiento de equipos biomédicos en el hospital san antonio de barbacoas, nariño(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2022) Olaya Angulo, Jhonnier Andres; Rodríguez Estacio, Yonier Boanerges; Bermeo Varón, Leonardo Antonío (Director)The maintenance management of biomedical equipment in health care institutions plays an important role in providing quality service. Its implementation will make it possible to know the status of biomedical equipment through indicators, such as equipment availability, compliance with maintenance goals, and everything about its technology, which will result in a better service. Currently, information systems through specific systems and database management allow optimal management for the quality service provision. In particular, the San Antonio Hospital located in the department of Nariño in the municipality of Barbacoas does not have adequate management systems and performs this work using excel spreadsheets, which generates problems in aspects such as security, updating, and lack of control of the information. In addition, the high flow of information causes problems with filters and migration of information to another system, which can lead to loss of information or simply not transferring the data to other formats. Thus, in this work, we developed a system for the management of biomedical equipment maintenance called SYSGEB to be implemented in the Barbacoas Hospital. The system is made in PHP programming language in the Visual Studio Code platform, it is a web application that has a web server and MySQL database. SYSGEB has functional modules that allow keeping the equipment inventory, management indicators, maintenance schedule, reports, equipment lifecycle, alarms, and warehouse and user control. For its validation, preliminary functionality and system appreciation tests were carried out using the test cases method, as well as a usability test using the EUS (System Usability Scale) method. The results indicate that SYSGEB has the necessary parameters to carry out the maintenance management of biomedical equipment in favor of quality service and with a high percentage of effectiveness of use and satisfaction on the part of the people involved in the systemItem Sistema para la ubicación, sujeción y adquisición de señales mioeléctricas para el desarrollo de prótesis de amputación transhumeral(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2022) Valencia Palacios, Angie Clarena; Bermeo Varón, Leonardo Antonío (Director)Myoelectric signal acquisition systems are currently of great benefit in research and the clinical field and rehabilitation. The prosthesis control with myoelectric systems is considered one of the best-known schemes with multiple benefits for people with different types of amputation. This is of a great interest since the arrangement, adjustment, and ergonomics of the mechanism that allows the distribution of the sensors, becomes a fundamental part in the control of prosthesis efficiency. In the present work is developed a system of location, fastening, and acquisition of myoelectric signals for prosthesis of a transhumeral amputation patient to avoid loosening, misadjustment, and fall of sensors. Additionally, to improve the electromyographic acquisition. System testing was performed on 6 (5-1) non-amputees and transhumeral amputees to evaluate the stability, ergonomics, and signal acquisition efficiency. The subject performed the gestures of (i) elbow flexion, (ii) elbow extension, (iii) forearm pronation, (iv) forearm supination, (v) hand opening, and (vi) hand closing. Is realized the feature extraction corresponding to rectified signal, mean absolute value, root mean square, and variance. The results indicate that the acquisition system replaces the tedious and time-consuming conventional acquisition protocols with adequate feature extraction.Item Implementación de un control en línea de lazo cerrado de una interfaz cerebro computadora para la aplicación de un tercer brazo virtual(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2023) Rendon Martinez, Yubely; Argüello Prada, Erick Javier (Director)Brain-machine interfaces (BCI) are systems that decode, order and use brain activity through a computer. Among the various challenges that can be found in BCI systems, brain stimulation or feedback suggests one of the most relevant since it facilitates the understanding and performance of the user. Rehabilitation training suggests one of the applications of the MI-BCI imagination paradigm, focused on guiding the brain to accept external prosthetic devices as its own, contributing to motor function along with physical rehabilitation of the upper extremities. This study implements the online closed-loop control of a brain-computer interface for the application of a virtual third arm, making the user take control of animations given the categories: left arm, right arm, imaginary third arm and resting position, as a means for rehabilitation seeking the perception of novelty for the brain in an immersive environment. The interactive environment was developed in Unity visualized in virtual reality (VR) glasses Oculus Quest 2 and controlled by EEG signals of unipolar or referential acquisition through Biosemi Active Two. A comparison of the contribution of the electrodes in the classification performance in Machine Learning, using Genetic Algorithms (GA), together with the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) in the stages of feature selection and characterization respectively. A 77% accuracy of the model was obtained, using this methodology with the KNN algorithm and 79.66% user acceptance.Item Desarrollo de un dispositivo activo para la rehabilitación del codo.(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2023) Collazos Sánchez, Alejandro; Martínez Noguera, Daniela Alejandra; Bermeo Varon, Leonardo Anfonio (Director)A biomechatronic device is a complement that helps or contributes to the proper functioning of any part of the body, depending on the pathology, to recover a lost function. Biomechatronic devices can be adapted to recover a certain function and a couple different tasks that can be used for rehabilitation. Designs are made to address pathologies, the designs are made to address pathologies, which implies that more than one device must be purchased to treat any pathology. Specifically, in the pathologies of epicondylitis and epitrochleitis, there are not many multifunctional devices that adopt more than one therapy. Besides they are of institutional use, which could generate non-attendance of the rehabilitation program. Thus, this work aims to develop a biomechatronic device that contributes to the rehabilitation of the elbow for people with epicondylitis and epitrochleitis. The Project has (i) preliminary specifications for the development of the active device to support the elbow rehabilitation process (ii) the 3D design of five different active devices that support the elbow rehabilitation process in terms of mobility, heat, and protection, and (iii) the construction of an active device chosen through a concept evaluation matrix, which allows performing elbow rehabilitation therapies from a selected design and (iv) evaluation of the device in people with epicondylitis and epitrochleitis. The results indicate that the device has a good reception with 80% of acceptability, 18% regular with the possibility of improvement, and 2% of rejection.Item Prototipo de centro flotante para la recolección de residuos plásticos contaminantes en un lago de agua dulce.(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2023) Renteria Coime, Karen Johana; Larrahondo Pantoja, Carlos Daniel; Cardenas Talero, José LuisThe growing pollution of freshwater bodies due to the accumulation of plastic waste is an increasingly worrying global problem. Improper management of these plastics after use has resulted in their release into rivers and lakes, with environmental and human health consequences. Colombia, like many other places, faces significant challenges in managing this waste. In this context, the adaptation of two floating center prototypes (Clearbot patented by Microsoft®) developed specifically for the collection of plastic waste is presented. The study focuses on the application and efficiency of the prototype, with which tests were carried out in a surface freshwater lake. The prototypes demonstrated their versatility by collecting mainly plastic wrappers, however, also other types of waste, such as bottles. The results obtained suggest that both prototypes have great potential to effectively address plastic pollution in lakes. However, additional research is required to fully understand its application limitations in terms of operation and energy expenditure. The innovative approach of this type of prototype could have a significant impact on reducing plastic pollution in freshwater bodies, which in turn would benefit the environment and public health.Item Dispositivo para rehabilitación de rodilla frente a una ruptura de ligamentо cruzado anterior: apoyo enfocado en la primera fase de rehabilitación(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2023) Gutiérrez Lemos, Ana Carolina; Peláez Arias, Shirley Dahiana; Bermeo Varon, Leonardo Anfonio (Director)The anterior cruciate ligament is one of the parts of the knee that is most affected when lower limb injuries occur. Most of these injuries are treated by surgery, which requires a post-surgical rehabilitation that consists of recovering the angle of movement during flexion of the joint. This rehabilitation phase is called the acute phase, where the physiotherapist indicates the rehabilitation angles subjectively. Due to this subjectivity, in this work a device is developed to assist the first phase of therapy following an anterior cruciate ligament injury, by flexion and extension of the joint at home. The device consists of an active orthosis with a degree of freedom where 10 minutes of therapy with two different angles of flexion and extension are programmed. Tests were performed on 11 healthy people, 1 person who suffered knee dislocation, 2 people with ligament reconstruction, and 1 person undergoing rehabilitation of anterior cruciate ligament injury. The results indicate that the device could contribute to acute-phase knee rehabilitation at home with a satisfaction level of 84%.Item Clasificación de señales de electroencefalografía para el control de movimientos de los miembros superiores(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Villamarin Pillimue, Daniel Stiven; Camues Mosquera, Miguel David; Bermeo Varon, Leonardo Anfonio (Director)The loss of upper limbs affects millions of people around the world, creating challenges in their daily lives and limiting their autonomy. New technologies, such as prostheses, are developed every year to improve communication between the user and their environment, contributing to a better quality of life. This study aims to create a system for classifying electroencephalography (EEG) signals of the opening, closing and resting movements of the right- and left-hand using machine learning techniques, seeking to improve the functionality of prostheses for amputees, with greater accuracy. For this purpose, EEG signals were collected using a real-time headset from 15 subjects, 13 typical without amputations and 2 atypical with amputations. Filtering methods, signal processing, time and frequency domain feature extraction were applied. The classifiers used were Random Forest and K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN). The results indicate that Random Forest obtaining the best accuracy, greater than 80%. This study contributes to the advancement in the classification of EEG signals suitable for movement control in the implementation of upper limb prostheses, improving the quality of life of individuals by reducing mental workload and physical effort.Item Desarrollo de un dispositivo de reanimación cardiopulmonar en adultos para el aprendizaje de la técnica(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Rios Torrado, Santiago; Rengifo Rodriguez, Manuel Alejandro; Restrepo Duque, Miguel Angel; Bermeo Varon, Leonardo Anfonio (Director)Cardio-respiratory arrest (CRA) is a significant cause of mortality worldwide, characterized by the abrupt cessation of cardiac and respiratory activity. This interrupts blood flow and oxygen transport to the brain and other organs, which can lead to brain damage or death. This is why response time takes a decisive role for immediate medical attention. But is limited by the lack of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) education. Thus, in this work, an accessible and interactive device is developed for teaching CPR technique to adults, by means of a visual and auditory guide that indicates variables such as compression rate and depth to guide the user in an intuitive way, facilitating access to quality CPR training. The device was evaluated using the SUS scale (System Usability Scale), by an audience divided into 3 groups (i) health professionals, (ii) biomedical professionals and (iii) ordinary people, in order to obtain a broader view on aspects such as performance and ease of use. It was also accompanied by an evaluation that allowed for suggestions and opinions from the participant. The results indicated a mean of 76.76% on the SUS, indicating good usability and allowing practical and accessible learning. This prototype contributes to the strengthening of health education and has the potential to train anyone in CPR, significantly increasing survival rates in cases of cardiorespiratory arrest.Item Procedimientos para la calibración de esfigmomanómetros: una revisión(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2023) Valencia Pinto, Kelly Johanna; Zamorano Mejía, Juan Sebastián; Trejos Vidal, Luis Anderson (Director)Blood pressure is a vital parameter in detecting diseases related to blood flow and pressure in the arteries. Precise measurements are obtained through various calibration methods. The objective of this study is to determine the improvements in different procedures used in the medical industry for calibrating sphygmomanometers. Observational studies, cross-sectional, case-control, cohort, and monographs conducted between 2003 and 2023 were considered. Those whose topic is not related to sphygmomanometer calibration, those with restricted access, incomplete content, or in preprint state were excluded. Literature search was conducted on databases and search engines such as Scielo, Lilac, Scopus, Science Direct, and Pubmed. The search strategy was designed using keywords and controlled terms to maximize the identification of relevant literature. Keywords were considered in combination with boolean operators “AND” and “OR”. The results showed that each calibration method has its peculiarities and adapts to various situations and types of devices. Finally, advances in sphygmomanometer calibration in the medical industry have improved its precision and consistency in blood pressure measurements. These advances are fundamental to ensure the reliability of results in the medical and health fields, which in turn contributes to better medical care and more accurate diagnoses.Item Estimación de la frecuencia respiratoria a partir de la combinación de parámetros derivados de la señal fotopletismografica.(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2023) Ruiz Hidalgo, Aura Maria; Sanchez, Yheferson Andrade; Argüello Prada, Erick Javier (Director)In the current health care setting, accurate and continuous measurement of respiratory rate (RR) is essential to effectively assess health status. It was recently reported that variations in amplitude of successive systolic peaks of the photoplethysmographic (PPG) signal, known as systolic variability (RISV), provide a more accurate estimate of RF. However, limiting this estimate to a single parameter could exclude relevant information. The main objective of this investigation was to evaluate the contribution of RISV in the estimation of RF when combined with variations in amplitude (RIAV), frequency (RIFV) and intensity (RIIV) of the PPG signal due to respiration. Public databases with PPG recordings and respiratory signal were used as reference. After extracting the series of respiration-induced variations and obtaining their representation in the frequency domain using the Lomb-Scargle periodogram, estimates were evaluated using metrics such as RMSE and MAE, with errors of 6.50 and 5.21 resp/min. In addition, Bland-Altman concordance analysis was applied, with and without "smart fusion". The results suggest that combinations incorporating RISV, especially RIAF + RIIV + RIFV + RISV, considerably reduce the error associated with RF estimation. Although the differences between estimates and true values could be significant, further research is required to validate and adapt these findings to specific clinical situations.Item Fitotoxicidad de los lodos generados en un sistema de lodos activados modalidad aireación extendida para el tratamiento de agua residual doméstica(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2023) Millán Bueno, Angélica María; Córdoba Agredo, Linda Lucia; Cardenas Talero, José Luis (Director)The increase in global population has led to a considerable increase in the generation of wastewater, which poses challenges in its treatment and management of its by-products. Sewage sludge varies according to treatment systems, with activated sludge systems in the extended aeration mode being essential in the degradation of organic matter. These sludges are rich in nutrients and organic matter, which makes them valuable as fertilizers, but their use in agriculture requires caution due to possible contaminants. Phytotoxicity, which evaluates the effect of sludge on plant growth, is a critical factor. It is performed by seed germination tests to determine safe concentrations of sludge and avoid exposure to contaminants. The project evaluated the phytotoxicity of sludge generated in extended aeration activated sludge systems during domestic wastewater treatment. The sludge tested maintained pH values within the appropriate range for acidic soils. While the secondary sludge is not considered biologically stabilized and presents a microbiological risk, the dewatered sludge with a drying time of 25 days is considered biologically stabilized. Both sludges show phytotoxicity, which varies with the ratio of sludge to soil, the sludge-soil mixtures showed different levels of phytotoxicity; the 100-0 sludge-soil ratio was highly phytotoxic, a ratio of 75-25 decreased phytotoxicity, while a ratio of 50-50 allowed germination and the combination of 25-75 significantly favored germination. Dehydrated sludge has potential as a fertilizer, but its use should be conditioned mainly by the microbiological risk.Item Evaluación del grado de contagio según exposición a la covid-19 en pacientes ubicados en sala de espera con protección y protocolos existentes de bioseguridad(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2021) Marín Zapata, Milesky Del Valle; López Panesso, Karen Daniela; Arguelles Parra, Arturo (Director)COVID-19 is a new virus that is currently affecting the planet, the first contagion took place in Wuhan - China and quickly spread to other parts of the world. One year after the announcement of the World Health Organization (WHO) about this new virus, people have been able to learn more about it, as well as detect its symptoms, how to help prevent its contagion and / or spread. This research aims to design a simulation of contagion probabilities in a closed space using automated agents, starting from a stochastic statistical model. The basic mathematical method that we are going to use is Monte Carlo, this method takes into account the regulations and biosafety protocols in the framework of the current COVID-19 pandemic. The creation of the simulation consists of tracking and analysis of the documentation on the important aspects of the case at the local level in addition to the construction and application of a cross-sectional descriptive observational study (EODT) in a medical center. The acquired data were adjusted to both statistical distributions and combining the results with a SIR model where it was found that 2 out of every 100,000 people who visit the room would be infected. This research can be recreated with a random variable generation algorithm as input for the Monte Carlo Simulation that is generated daily for one week and presented on a landing page.Item Construcción de un dispositivo vestible para asistir a personas visualmente impedidas (pvi's) en la detección y caracterización de obstáculos(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2021) Santacruz Forero, Lina María; Vargas, Jhon Edwar (Director)Visual impairment is considered the third most prevalent disability in the Colombian population and, according to DANE, the department with the highest number of visually impaired people (VIP’s) is Valle del Cauca with 13.22%. It has been shown that it is possible to contribute to the good development of VIPs within the context of today's society through innovative technological proposals, such as white canes. However, these systems limit the autonomy of the individual by requiring the use of at least one of their hands, and their function is restricted to detecting obstacles without providing more detailed information about them, such as their dimensions. Furthermore, most of these devices have physical characteristics that make their transport difficult, and users' opinions are rarely taken into account when developing these systems. Thus, the present research aims to design and develop a portable device to assist VIPs who wish to move from one place to another, through the detection and characterization of obstacles. The design of the device was guided through a survey directed to several VIPs. After a rigorous selection of the components, it was decided to use ultrasound and infrared sensors (HRS-04 and SHARP GP2Y0A21, respectively), whose behavior in terms of distance estimation was characterized prior to the development of the device. The latter was evaluated through a series of operability and performance tests with VIPs and people without visual impairment, with their respective assessment of the degree of compliance. The results indicated that the device meets all the aesthetic (comfort, ease of use and transport) and functional requirements required by the VIP's. Hence the importance of a good choice of the types of sensors to use, of an optimal location and distribution of them in the system, of taking into account the opinion of the users within the entire development and of a comfortable and simple interface. of user / system communication that provide