Facultad de Ciencias Básicas
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Item Activación foto- catalítica de nano partículas de MnO2 obtenidas a partir de ablación laser, aplicada a superficies auto-limpiantes(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2021) Villegas Díaz, Claudia Lorena; Ávila Torres, Yenny Patricia; Ríos Acevedo, John JairoThe nano-particles of metallic materials have many applications, a field of special interest is the hospital, since there are many infections associated with health care (HAI) these infections must be related to hospitalization or procedures performed in the hospital. Mainly originated by Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, for this reason materials are required that are capable of eliminating these bacteria attached to it, and thus prevent the high number of infections (self-cleaning surfaces). A new material with these characteristics is manganese oxide (MnO2), used in the manufacture of steel, with which hospital equipment is manufactured. In this study, different factors affecting bactericidal photocatalysis were tested, showing that the attack is discriminated for gram positive and gram negative bacteria, the action mechanism is governed via hydroxyl radicals and to a lesser degree via superficial voids. Finally, a material with little recombination is obtained, which represents a success in the synthesis of metal oxide.Item Actividad antifúngica de alpinia zerumbet frente a mohos y levaduras de importancia clínica(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2020) Cruz Alemán, Lady Stephanie; Benavides Gálvez, Laura Isabel; Caicedo Bejarano, Luz Dary; Castro Narváez, Sandra PatriciaInvasive fungal diseases (EFI) diseases to susceptible hosts, cause high impact morbidity and mortality, associated with the high resistance to antimycotics of the agents etiological associated with this pathology. The antifungal activity of extracts of Alpinia zerumbet, vs. C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. krusei, Aspergillus fumigatus, A. terreus and Fusarium oxysporum was determined. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method and minimum inhibitory fungal concentration (CFI) based on NTC 2455 was used. As control sample, Fluconazole standard is considered and 96% Ethanol as a control. The alcoholic and hydroalcoholic extracts of the leaves and flowers affected good fungistatic and fungicidal activity when compared to the control and standard sample. It is concluded that the leaves compounds and flowers of A. zerumbet are promising for future research looking for compounds with antimicrobial activity for use in agriculture, food, and treatment of systemic mycosis.Item Actividad antimicrobiana de Fitocannabinoides como principios activos en plantas medicinales: una revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Rivera Vargas, María Yuliel; Suarez Osorio, Liseth; Falco Restrepo, Aura DayanaPhytochemical compounds have long been an alternative to traditional medicine, which is why the industrial sector is dedicated to the manufacture of products such as drugs, cosmetics and veterinary products, and have considered innovating their lines from raw materials derived from the extraction of active compounds from plants. In this way, plant material with various attributes or substances that are allowed and regulated by government entities for use and marketing has been sought. Due to the above, it was proposed to carry out this systematic review that aims to identify medicinal plants that contain phytocannabinoids and that have antimicrobial activity. The consulted databases corresponding to 83, of which documents dating from the years 2010 to 2022 were found, however, 24 were discarded, since they were related to clinical aspects of veterinary use and others due to the years of publication, the which are outside the range of the minimum 10 years to be taken into account for the development of the systemic reviewItem Actividad enzimática de levaduras recolectadas de diferentes ambientes del Valle del Cauca(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2020) Olaya Hurtado, Dora Stefany; Ossa Cabra, Liseth Tatiana; Martínez Garay, Carlos Andrés; Ramírez Castrillón, MauricioAgro-industrial waste affects the environment, which makes it a current problem. A sustainable strategy is the use of microorganisms, such as yeast, to metabolize and to degrade these compounds, which will allow the development of bioremediation strategies. In this research, we tested yeasts from the mycoteca of Universidad Santiago de Cali, collected from different environments of Valle del Cauca, to determine their enzymatic activity. For this, they were grown in media with different substrates, to evaluate their ability to degrade them through the determination of an enzymatic coefficient (PZ), which takes into account the degradation halos formed. A total of 95 yeast strains were evaluated, of which 37 strains presented some enzymatic activity. Several strains showed potential in this field; the LN6A, P4, LC071A, YAM1, and YAM3 strains had the highest enzymatic activity; while some had the ability to degrade or metabolize two different substrates (LN4A, MRC33, LC112, P4, LN7C) or up to three types of substrate (MRC39). In addition to this, the LN4A strain, from the Navarro lagoon and identified as Candida tropicalis, presented a higher enzymatic activity in two types of substrate.Item Aislamiento de bacteriófagos provenientes de una muestra de origen ambiental con capacidad de infectar salmonella spp.(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2020) Álvarez Pérez, Juan Martín; Falco Restrepo, Aura DayanaSalmonellosis is a Foodborne Disease (FDB) that occurs due to contamination by bacteria of the Salmonella genus in edibles such as chicken and pork, as well as in products from poultry farms. Because the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in chickens has contributed to the selection of resistant bacteria, it is necessary to implement natural alternatives that allow the control of bacterial populations in poultry farms, bacteriophages being a possible option due to their high specificity to infect bacteria. Using the double layer method, bacteriophages were found in an environmental sample of chicken manure from a poultry farm located in the municipality of Palmira, Valle del Cauca, capable of infecting a strain of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica ATCC 14028.Item Aislamiento, identificación y caracterización de bacterias ácido acéticas (BAA) para la producción de vinagre a partir de vino tinto(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2021) Portilla Sinisterra, Andrés Fernando; Vera Lizcano, OmairaStudies of the microorganisms associated with the fermentation processes, their identification and the standardization of their biotechnological use, are of great interest for the economic and technological growth of a country. In this study, a winemaking protocol was obtained to later produce vinegar for human consumption through acetic fermentation, which is carried out mainly by acetic bacteria under aerobic conditions. 10 batches of wine were produced from Isabella grapes, obtained in the municipality of Ginebra-Valle del Cauca, an alcohol percentage between 9,8 – 11,2% was reached, to later obtain acetic acid. The Orleans method was used to make vinegar, which consists of stationary oxidation of ethanol in acetic acid, under the conditions required for the growth of acetic bacteria, from which a concentration of acetic acid between 47,4 - 60 g / L. Subsequently, the bacteria of the Acetobacteraceae family were isolated by means of cutives and identified by means of biochemical techniques. Later, with the Vitek 2 team, the Acetobacter acetti species was identified as the acetic bacteria found in vinegar, it was cryopreserved. This microorganism can be used to produce balsamic vinegar, which is of great commercial interest.Item Análisis de cumplimiento y mejoras potenciales en cosméticos con cannabis o sus derivados en establecimientos farmacéuticos de Cali: Un enfoque en la decisión 833 de 2018(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Gutierrez Corral, Miguel Angel; Amaya Londoño, Nicolas Giuseppe; Chamorro Rengifo, Andrés Felipe (Director)Cannabis, a plant with a history spanning over 4000 years, has played a vital role in various cultures, from ancient China to pre-Columbian civilizations. Initially revered for its medicinal and spiritual properties, cannabis has faced stigmatization in the modern era due to political and social influences. However, in recent decades, it has experienced a resurgence in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields, supported by scientific evidence of its efficacy in treating various conditions. Cannabis regulation varies by country, ranging from legalization to prohibition. In the cosmetic realm, it has become a popular ingredient due to its moisturizing and antioxidant properties. However, lack of compliance with regulations can compromise consumer safety. Evaluating compliance of cannabis products at the regulatory level is necessary to protect the population from the use of illegal products that may jeopardize health. According to this study, which focused on evaluating compliance of cosmetic products with cannabis in the city of Cali with Decision 833 of 2018 (Colombian regulation?), surveys and pie charts were used to assess labeling and consumer safety compliance. The results indicate that a important proportion of respondents (35.7%) are unaware of the existence of Decision 833 of 2018, 50% do not verify or review mandatory health notifications, and 80,6% do not review mandatory warnings on labels. This demonstrates a lack of awareness regarding the importance of health registration and mandatory warnings on labels, raising concerns about consumer safety. Increasing transparency, education, and regulation in the industry is recommended to enhance consumer confidence and ensure product safety.Item Análisis estructural y supramolecular del compuesto (e)-3',6'-dihidroxi-2-((pyridina-2-yl metileno) amino) spiro[isoidolina-1,9'-xanteno]-3-ona(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Cardona Restrepo, Camila; Fernando D¨vries, RichardThe crystalline structure of the compound (E) -3 ',6'-dihydroxy-2-((pyridine-2-and methylene) amino) spiro [iso-idoline-1,9'-xanthene] -3-one was solved and refined, using single crystal X-ray diffraction data. It was found that the compound crystallized in the triclinic P-1 space group. its unit cell present two molecules per asymmetric unit, which correspond to molecular conformers. Moreover, an analysis to determine the intermolecular interactions from the crystalline system was performed. It was observed that the crystal packing is formed mainly by hydrogen interactions type O-H••• N, and C-H•••O. Finally, the supramolecular interactions of the dimer were quantified using fingerprint plots, obtaining values of 41.4%, 12.9%, 11.1% and 10.4% for interactions type H•••H, C•••H, O•••H, H•••C respectively. The aforementioned diagrams were compared with the obtained for structurally similar molecules; their forms confirmed the differences at the supramolecular level of the compounds analyzed. With this project, it was possible to determine the structural and supramolecular characteristics of the compound. In addition, were acquired the basic concepts related to crystallography and supramolecular chemistry, both at a theoretical and experimental level.Item Análisis metataxonómico de suelos de cultivos de yuca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) con síntomas de cuero de sapo(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Díaz Marín, Valentina; Ocampo Ibáñez, Iván Darío“Frogskin disease” mainly affects the roots of cassava and generates symptoms that deteriorate large quantities of crops. The International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) in Colombia has been studying this disease in cassava crops for approximately 50 years and has proposed some associated pathogens, however, the causal agent is still unknown. Therefore, in the present study, a meta-taxonomic analysis of the bacteria and fungi that are present in soils of cassava crops with symptoms of the “Frogskin disease” disease was carried out to find the possible causal agents. For this, a metataxonomic analysis was carried out, using Illumina Miseq sequencing, to obtain fungal ITS and bacterial 16S sequences. Bacteria belonging to the phyla Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were obtained; mainly the genera Pantoea, Enterobacter, Bacillus, and Rhizobium. The phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the most abundant in the fungal ITS communities; represented by the genera Fusarium, Aspergillus, and Alternaria. The analysis of alpha and beta diversity using the Miseq sequencing platform revealed through a one-way ANOVA and a PERMANOVA that there were significant differences in composition at the genus level in soils with disease symptoms and control soils. This study provided useful information on the microbiome present in the rhizosphere and roots of resistant plants infected with “Frogskin disease” symptomsItem Aplicación de la ecuación de Schrödinger en el estudio del movimiento de moléculas diatómicas(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Bueno Barbosa, Douglas Andrés; Parada Valencia, AlexanderUnderstanding the physiochemical phenomenon at the subatomic level is very important in order to know the behaviour of the matter these energy scales. It is necessary to use the Schrödinger equation in the order to describe chemical and physically the molecules. Throughout of the development of this work, we addressed the study of the Schrödinger equation and applications in the movement of diatomic molecules. The interaction potential is described by this equation, as well as the translational, rotational and vibrational energies of each molecule. Likewise, the Hamiltonian is studied in a general way, and particularly for the hydrogen molecule. We learned the main knowledge relating with Quantum Chemical and after that we focus in the study of some diatomic molecules no studied in the literature until now. Then, a phenomenological study was carried out for the BrCl molecule.Item Aplicación de la espectroscopia de infrarrojo cercano (NIRS) en productos cárnicos(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Rosero Martínez, José Miguel; Castro Narváez, Sandra Patricia (Director)An approximation is made to near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) as a tool for evaluating the quality and authenticity of meat products. Given the growing demand for organic meat products and the need to guarantee their integrity, NIRS stands out as an effective alternative to traditional methods. The methodology employed included literature review, data analysis and method comparison, highlighting the importance of developing more robust calibration and standardization techniques. Quality parameters that NIRS can assess, such as moisture, fat, protein, color and pH, were identified, demonstrating its ability to provide rapid and non-destructive results. Comparison between NIRS and traditional techniques such as proximate analysis revealed that NIRS offers significant advantages in terms of speed and reduced need for sample preparation. However, limitations have been identified, including the need for specific calibrations for each type of meat and the dependence on the quality of the equipment used. Recommendations include advancing the development of calibration techniques and exploring the integration of NIRS technology in real-time computing environments.Item Aplicación de la espectroscopia en el infrarrojo cercano (NIRS), en el análisis de aceites esenciales para aplicación industrial (cosmética y farmacéutica): Revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Vasquez Obando, Sergio; Orduña Ortega, Julieth (Directora); Vargas, Yaneth (Directora)This review presents the application of Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) in the analysis of essential oils, specifically in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical and phytotherapeutic industries. This is a vibrational technique that uses light in the range of 780 to 2500 nm, allowing the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of biological samples. Among the most notable advantages are the minimal sample preparation and the ability to perform rapid and noninvasive analysis, however, the low sensitivity and complexity in the interpretation of spectra is a major disadvantage. The article highlights the use of NIR in quality control and in determining the chemical composition of essential oils, which are obtained by various extraction methods. The NIR technique is effective in identifying the purity and taxonomy of essential oils and in quantifying specific compounds such as terpenes. The present review also mentions the growing interest in essential oils due to their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, and their use in natural and safe products compared to synthetic antioxidants. In the pharmaceutical industry, NIR could be used in the analysis of compounds in the pharmaceutical industry, while in the cosmetic industry, it could verify lipid oxidation and emulsion quality. NIR spectroscopy is a great tool in the analysis of essential oils, as it offers an efficient and accurate method to ensure the quality and safety of products in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.Item Aplicación de la espectroscopia infrarroja cercana (NIRS) en la calidad de la caña de azúcar durante la cosecha y postcosecha: Una revisión(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Bravo España, Gefersoon; Orduña Ortega, Julieth (Directora)Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has established itself as a crucial technique in the sugarcane industry, in the evaluation of quality parameters at different stages of the raw material to product conversion process. This article aims to review and compare the different recent research on the application of NIRS in determining crucial parameters in sugarcane quality at different stages of the process from identification in the cane stem to cane juice, such as fiber, Pol, total soluble solids, brix, the different linear regression techniques, the equipment used throughout this review. The most widely used NIRS analysis methodology is reflectance and transmittance since it provides sufficiently robust predictive models for the prediction of the factors already mentioned. The NIRS technique offers rapid and non-destructive evaluations, with great potential for the optimization of quality parameters in cane growth.Item Aplicación del diseño de mezclas en la formulación de sidra de manzana (Malus domestica)(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2020) Ramírez Naranjo, Nathalia; Sinisterra Amú, Diana; Ramirez Navas, Juan Sebastián (Director)Cider is a drink with very marked characteristics with respect to other spirits; It has abundant carbon dioxide, but produces less foam than a regular beer, acquires shades of yellow in transparent and bright appearance. (Drilleau, 2005). Cider. 2. The objective of this research was to evaluate the ratio of cider mixtures from three varieties of apple (Malus Domestica): Gala, Golden and Green. This mixing design consisted of applying a planning and analysis methodology which could ensure that we obtain the knowledge and solutions. The adoption of this methodology aims to assess the influence of each component of the formulation on the selected response varieties. For this purpose, different physicochemical tests were performed on each mixture obtained: (pH, Density, Volatile Acidity, alcoholic Strength and Sugar Percentage) and from which the expected results were obtained with an average of pH between 3.6 - 3.8; Density between 0.99-1.02 g/mL; Volatile Acidity between 0.04 -0.09 g/L; Alcohol content between 0.73 - 2.4 %V; Microbiological: (Count of aerobic bacteria and mesophylls, mold count, yeast count and total coliforms) whose result of each test was <10 UCF/mL and Sensory Analysis in which preference was found for the sample called B, corresponding to the mixture 0,1/2,1/2 being this the mixture between green apple and gallium apple. The results obtained in each test were expected indicating that the drink does meet the requirements established by the Colombian technical standard NTC 222 and NTC 708, concerning alcoholic beverages and their general definitions, alcoholic beverages (Fruit wines) respectively.Item Aplicaciones de NIRS en muestras de forraje para el análisis de los principales parámetros de calidad nutricional: Revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Jaramillo Zapata, Sergio Alejandro; Orduña Ortega, Julieth (Directora)Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has become established over the past decades as a rapid and non-destructive analytical technique for evaluating the chemical composition of forages. This method is based on the absorption of light in the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum and allows for the determination of various critical nutritional parameters in forage used for ruminant feed. Assessing these parameters is crucial for improving the quality of forage intended for animal feed, which directly impacts the productivity and health of ruminants. Tropical grasses, frequently used as forage, exhibit considerable variability in their nutritional quality due to environmental factors. In this context, the application of NIRS offers an invaluable tool for the rapid and accurate determination of key components, such as crude protein, fiber, and minerals, among others. This review focuses on the bibliographic search of recent studies on the applications of NIRS in forage samples, with a special emphasis on tropical grasses. The main nutritional quality parameters of forage are discussed, the NIRS technique is described, sample preparation is addressed, and the methodologies applied to obtain results in various studies are reviewed.Item Aprovechamiento de alcohol fusel en la obtención de productos de valor agregado utilizando perovskitas como catalizadores(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Valencia Castro, Jessica Andrea; Orduña Ortega, Julieth (Directora); Mora Vargas, Jorge Andrés (Codirector)At present, the quest for renewable carbon sources to generate energy and high-value products has seen a significant rise, particularly those enabling the extraction of chemical components traditionally derived from fossil fuels. Industrial processing of sugarcane yields various renewable materials, including fusel alcohol, offering the potential for conversion into valuable compounds. The catalytic conversion of fusel alcohol (mixture of different alcohols with C3 to C5) using the Guerbet reaction has not yet been widely explored, however, some of its components have already been used as starting material for this reaction using different catalysts. Thus, this work was aimed at the conversion of fusel alcohol by the Guerbet reaction using perovskite-type oxides of La (III) as cation A and Zn (II) or Ni (II) as cation B. The oxides were obtained by the calcination of their precursors synthesized by the coprecipitation method and were well characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR), X-ray diffraction (DRX), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The TGA curves showed the complete decomposition of the precursors at 900 °C in 4 hours. XRD patterns confirm the formation of the perovskite phase. In addition, IR spectra of the synthesized materials show vibrations indicating the presence of Ni-O and Zn-O bonds. In the catalytic conversion of fusel alcohol, different groups of compounds were obtained, such as alcohols, esters, ethers, and ketones.Item Aprovechamiento de los lodos de salmuera de una planta cloro-soda para la producción de carbonato de sodio(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2018) Luna Gómez, José Luis; Ayala Cruz, Martha Isabel; Franco, Jaime Martín (Director)A methodology was carried out to obtain sodium carbonate from the brine sludge, previously characterized by ICP-OES plasma spectroscopy. The treatment consisted of adding hydrochloric acid to the sludge to generate carbon dioxide which was absorbed in sodium hydroxide solution at different concentrations to produce sodium carbonate, with a maximum yield of 62,2%.Item Aprovechamiento de los residuos sólidos obtenidos de la producción de cerveza: bagazo de cebada(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2022) Marulanda Lopez, Sebastian Camilo; Alzate Calderon, Paola; Vera Lizcano, OmairaThe brewing industry generates a large amount of polluting waste, taking into account the high energy consumption, water consumption and atmospheric emissions; this leads to a great environmental impact. In the present work, the utilization of barley bagasse residue was used to reduce this impact. Initially, the barley (waste from the USC brewery) was collected, dried and finally the nutritional value of the dried bagasse was evaluated by means of a nutritional table analysis, to take advantage of the waste and determine whether it could be used in human food. To achieve the above, a drying process was initially carried out in a convection oven, evaluating different temperatures, and then milled to obtain a functional flour suitable for human consumption as a final product. Thanks to this work, it is concluded that it is possible to obtain a product with potential use in the field of human nutrition and leaves a precedent to help the circular economy of the waste generated in the USC brewery plant. This work is also a positive contribution to the reduction of the environmental impact that today is a global problem in many industries such as brewing.Item Aprovechamiento del alcohol fusel utilizando la reacción de Guerbet catalizada por óxidos metálicos mixtos modificados con Zn2+/Co2+ y Zn2+/Fe2+(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) López Gómez, Angie Lorena; Orduña Ortega, Julieth (Directora); Mora Vargas, Jorge Andrés (Codirector)The search for methods for synthesizing value-added chemicals using renewable raw materials is constantly increasing, so the use of products and by-products derived from the industrial processing of sugar cane is of particular interest, such as fusel oil, which has been little studied as a substrate in the Guerbet reaction, which allows the synthesis of alcohols from longer chains and other products through parallel reactions. In this work, the catalytic conversion of fusel alcohol with mixed metal oxides (MMOs) derived from hydrotalcites (HDLs) modified with Zn2+/Fe2+ and Zn2+/Co2+.Zn2+/Fe2+ and Zn2+/Co2+ . The HDLs were synthesized by the coprecipitation method and through a subsequent heat treatment their respective OMMs were obtained. The materials obtained were characterized by infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (DRX) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), where their correct synthesis was confirmed. The catalytic conversion of the fusel alcohol was performed in a Bach-type reactor. Different physicochemical parameters were studied in the reaction and their products were identified by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry detector. It was mainly evidenced the formation of families of alcohols and esters, followed by aldehydes, ketones and olefins, which was probably influenced mainly by the degree of acidity of MMOs according to the literature.Item Aproximación metagenómica para la identificación de bacterias endófitas de la raíz de yuca (manihot esculenta crantz) bajo condiciones de estrés abiótico(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2020) Fernández Gaviria, Alexandra; Herrera Arbeláez, Valentina; Corrales Ducuara, Alba RocíoCassava (M. esculenta) is the fourth most important crop in the world. It is considered a basic food in the diet of millions of people in tropical and sub-tropical areas. However, its productivity has been affected by adverse environmental conditions such as: low and high temperatures. In this regard, it is important to study new tolerant mechanisms to different types of abiotic stress. Knowing the endophyte microbial diversity of the root may influence positively or negatively in its development, productivity and crop heath under abiotic stress conditions. Cassava plants M. esculenta of the variety MCOL1734 were subjected to stress by hydric deficit for a 20-day period. In the metagenomic analysis of endophyte bacteria there were four Phylum; Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria, which are cataloged as endophytes in root of plants. Species like; Clostridium sp. Acinetobacter lwoffii and Acinetobacter sp. which are PGPR bacteria, are candidates to implement in improvement programs to increase tolerance to water deficit in cassava cultivation (M. esculenta).