Facultad de Ciencias Básicas

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Diseño, implementación y mejoramiento de un método para la disminución del desperdicio generado durante el empaque y embalaje de harina precocida de maíz en la empresa Alimentos del Cauca S.A.
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2012) Valderrama González, Luis Alfonso; Garzón García, Guillermo (Director)
Using statistical process control as a tool for improvement, improved packaging process, integrating teams and encouraging the participation of the same. The application of this method of analysis of a representative sample packs precooked cornmeal able to reduce wastage of the same. This involved the development of technical and administrative skills to solve problems. It also encouraged the participation of the company's operating personnel. Developing this project has managed to launch the appropriate methodology to the particular case, facilitating the organization of control instruments for proper resource management plan.
Aprovechamiento de los lodos de salmuera de una planta cloro-soda para la producción de carbonato de sodio
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2018) Luna Gómez, José Luis; Ayala Cruz, Martha Isabel; Franco, Jaime Martín (Director)
A methodology was carried out to obtain sodium carbonate from the brine sludge, previously characterized by ICP-OES plasma spectroscopy. The treatment consisted of adding hydrochloric acid to the sludge to generate carbon dioxide which was absorbed in sodium hydroxide solution at different concentrations to produce sodium carbonate, with a maximum yield of 62,2%.
Síntesis asistida por cavitación acústica de metacrilato de sacarosa
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2018) Rojas Sterling, Juan Camilo; Orduña Ortega, Julieth (Directora)
Sucrose methacrylate was synthesized by transesterification reaction of sucrose with methyl methacrylate using homogeneous basic catalysis (sodium methoxide, NaOCH3) and heterogeneous catalysis (mixed oxides derived from hydrotalcites) with acoustic cavitation irradiation 20 kHz. Optimal reaction conditions were determined using experimental design 32 x 2 where methyl methacrylate consumptions 90.32 % and production of monoesters ≥ 80% when the reaction was catalyzed with NaOCH3 and used molar ratio sucrose: methyl methacrylate 3: 1 and temperature and reaction time of 30 ° C and 30 min respectively. The most abundant sucroester was isolated by HPLC and characterized by vibrational spectroscopy ATR-FTIR, TGA, DSC and NMR
Implementación y validación de la técnica analítica para la cualificación–cuantificación de Dienogest/Etinilestradiol tableta recubierta, por espectroscopia de infrarrojo cercano
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2018) Cardona Moreno, Gilma Liliana; Castillo, Jorge Enrique (Director)
In this study, the implementation and validation of the analytical technique for the identification and quantification by NIR near infrared spectroscopy of Dienogest / Etinilestradiol in Coated Tablets was developed. This methodology was developed in order to provide a quick, simple and environmentally friendly analysis technique. To carry out this study, the spectra of 24 samples were collected, corresponding to 7 placebos loaded in a concentration range of 85 and 115%, 7 placebos loaded according to the DoE, 3 batches of finished product and 7 placebos loaded for validation. The NIR records were made in the diffuse reflectance mode and compared with the HPLC reference method. The PLS multivariate calibration method (partial regression by least squares) was used for the chemometric analysis of the data. The spectral correlation between the methods was established with correlation coefficients of (R2), in the range of 0.996 and 1.00. The validation process was developed based on the criteria of the EMA guide and demonstrated the compliance of the parameters of linearity, accuracy, specificity and precision, which guarantee and allow its application as a method of analysis for the control of the production process.
Evaluación de la actividad antimicrobiana de péptidos catiónicos vehiculizados en liposomas funcionalizados, frente a bacterias patógenas de alimentos
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Cantor Pareja, Stefanía; Oñate Garzón, Jose Fernando (Director); Hugo Salamanca, Constain (Director)
During recent years the resistance of pathogens present in food to antibiotics has been demonstrated. That is why, in this research project, the antimicrobial activity of the synthetic peptides Alyteserin 1C (WT) and its mutant product (ΔM) was evaluated in bacterial strains such as Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923, Listeria monocytogenes ATCCbaa751, Salmonella typhi ATCC25922. Use of two procedures: modification of the antimicrobial peptides and vehiculization of the peptides in liposomes coated with cationic polymer Eudragit E100. The results showed the antibacterial activity of the peptides against the bacteria. However, after the encapsulation of the peptides in liposomes coated with Eudragit E-100, the antibacterial activity was reduced from 1000 to 2000 times against the strains of Listeria monocytogenes ATCCbaa751 and Escherichia coli ATCC25922.
Desarrollo de dos antiespumantes en Disproquin S.A.S con aplicación en el proceso de producción de papel
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Rojas Daza, Andrés Felipe; Flórez López, Edwin (Director); Grande Tovar, Carlos David (Director)
In the paper industry the generation of foam is an important factor because it causes the paper to get porous structures affecting its quality. On the other hand, antifoam products are very effective in suppressing the foam generated in different processes. For this reason, two hydrocarbon and silicone-based antifoams were developed. For their characterization, physicochemical parameters such as pH, percentage of total solids, viscosity, particle size and density were determined. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), one of the components of the hydrocarbon-based antifoam, was also used. An experimental design was used to compare the efficiency of the hydrocarbon-based antifoam with a commercial antifoam followed by an efficiency study of the silicone-based antifoam. Finally, it was demonstrated that the hydrocarbon-based antifoam is more efficient as an antifoam and defoamer than the commercial product. Consequently, the silicone-based antifoam compound showed high efficiency at a temperature between 70 and 90 °C and a pH between 8 and 11. All these results show that these products could be used in different types of industries.
Evaluación de la remoción de Escherichia Coli presente en dos calidades de aguas sintéticas tratadas con filtros caseros
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Dávila Estupiñán, Andreina; Rivera Sánchez, Sandra Patricia (Directora)
Water is essential for life and all people must have a satisfactory, sufficient, safe and accessible supply; Likewise, it must comply with the microbiological and organoleptic characteristics established in the regulations, including the total absence of Escherichia coli, in order to be suitable for human consumption; However, a large percentage of especially rural areas do not have good quality water and have diseases for this reason, so resorting to new technologies such as household filters that help purify water, provides an alternative with tangible benefits for health.
Sensibilidad cutánea (prick test) a hongos alergénicos de los trabajadores de tres edificios de la Universidad Santiago de Cali y su relación con los síntomas de alergias respiratorias
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Calderón Quintero, Cristina; Caicedo Bejarano, Luz Dary (Directora); Serrano Reyes, Carlos Daniel (Director)
An observational epidemiological cross-sectional study was proposed, a relation to the exposure of Fungi in intramural environments and the presence of allergenic fungi in nasal fossae was described. The study involved 126 workers from the Santiago de Cali University, who signed an informed consent and answered the adapted ISAAC survey (The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood) to determine the prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed allergies. 71/126 (56.3%) worked in block 1; 24/126 (19.1%) in block 3 and 31/126 (24.6%) in block 4, The "in vivo" Skin Prick Test (SPT) was performed on 75 workers. A prevalence of SPT + was found for Fusarium oxysporum of 10/75 (13.3%), Aspergillus fumigatus 5/75 (6.7%), Penicillium notatum 5/75 (6.7%), Alternaria alternata 5/75 ( 6.7%) and Cladosporium herbarum 1/75 (1.3%). This study allowed to establish a possible association between the presence of fungi in the labor environment and in the nostrils of workers with the positive response for the SPT test for Fusarium oxysporum.
Aplicación de la ecuación de Schrödinger en el estudio del movimiento de moléculas diatómicas
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Bueno Barbosa, Douglas Andrés; Parada Valencia, Alexander (Director)
Understanding the physiochemical phenomenon at the subatomic level is very important in order to know the behaviour of the matter these energy scales. It is necessary to use the Schrödinger equation in the order to describe chemical and physically the molecules. Throughout of the development of this work, we addressed the study of the Schrödinger equation and applications in the movement of diatomic molecules. The interaction potential is described by this equation, as well as the translational, rotational and vibrational energies of each molecule. Likewise, the Hamiltonian is studied in a general way, and particularly for the hydrogen molecule. We learned the main knowledge relating with Quantum Chemical and after that we focus in the study of some diatomic molecules no studied in the literature until now. Then, a phenomenological study was carried out for the BrCl molecule.
Caracterización molecular de aislados de Enterobacter cloacae resistentes a carbapenemes portadores de los genes blaKPC, blaNDM, blaVIM y blaOXA-48, provenientes de la red de laboratorios públicos y privados del Valle del Cauca
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Guerrero de la Cruz, Daniela Andrea; Restrepo Falco, Aura (Directora)
The production of beta-lactamase enzymes by some species of enterobacteria is a serious public health problem because it causes the loss of therapeutic efficacy to beta-lactam antibiotics, which are currently used as the first alternative for the management of infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria. In this work, the molecular characterization of 32 phenotypically resistant Enterobacter cloacae clinical isolates of cephalosporins and carbapenemes, from a private and a public entity, located in the city of Cali, was carried out. In order to detect the genes involved in resistance to these antibiotics, the polymerase chain reaction technique was used to amplify the genes encoding carbapenemases: KPC, NDM, VIM and OXA-48. It was obtained that 50% (16/32) of the isolates are carriers of the blaKPC gene, while the presence of blaNDM, blaVIM and blaOXA-48 genes was not detected. The results of this study indicate that the allele that circulates in the isolates is KPC-2 and that they are not genetically related. The results indicate that 81% of patients infected with the enterobacteria carrying KPC carbapenemase come from private medical centers, 81% are male and 44% of those affected are older adults (60 years and older). Knowing the genes involved in carbapenemes resistance in these clinical isolates is an important step towards the development of specific strategies to prevent the spread of this multi-drug resistant pathogen in the municipality of Cali.
Comparación de dos técnicas para la captación de esporas fúngicas ambientales en un campus universitario
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Delgado Ñañez, Cristhian; Caicedo Bejarano, Luz Dary (Directora)
The concordance of two fungal spore uptake techniques in the environments of three buildings of the Santiago de Cali University campus was evaluated. The gravimetric method of spore uptake was compared with the Omeliansky formula and the volumetric method (Air Ideal 3P). The environmental sampling was carried out quarterly for a period of 12 months using Dicloran Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol agar (DRBC). 64497 CFU / m3 were accounted for, of which 34930 CFU / m3 were isolated with the volumetric method and 29567 CFU / m3 with the gravimetric method. No significant statistical differences were observed with the two techniques used (p = 0.0739), with a significance level α = 0.05. The predominant genera obtained with both methods were Cladosporium, Penicillium, Aspergillus and Fusarium, which suggests that although the gravimetric method is not as efficient as the volumetric method, it is reliable for estimating the degree of environmental fungal contamination in a similar way to the volumetric method.
Evaluación de la remoción de Salmonella spp a partir de dos calidades de aguas sintéticas tratadas con filtros caseros
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Castaño Hincapié, Ana Valentina; Rivera Sánchez, Sandra Patricia (Directora)
Water is the main resource that abounds in the Earth. It is not renewable and has great importance, both for human consumption and for the rest of living beings. It is used for domestic uses or other purposes. The low coverage of aqueduct and sewerage in rural areas of Colombia, added to the fact that the implementation of potabilization in these areas entails a high cost, have favored the creation of new technologies that imply minor resources and accessibility, such as the homemade filters.
Cuantificación por HPLC de Trans-Resveratrol en la uva Isabella (Vitis labrusca) cultivadas en la Unión-Valle del Cauca
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Ospina Ramírez, Stephanie; Castillo Ayala, Jorge Enrique (Director)
The Isabella grape (Vitis labrusca) is a variety that has been optimally adapted to the climatic conditions of La Unión-Valle del Cauca, and has had good acceptance in local markets. Currently the grape is consumed fresh and its phenolic content is unknown. According to epidemiological studies, the presence of bioactive compounds with antioxidant capacity such as trans-resveratrol, can exert a protective effect against some diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disorders. For this reason, with this work the quantification of the trans-resveratrol present in the epicarp of the Isabella grape (Vitis labrusca) grown in La Unión-Valle del Cauca is performed, using high efficiency liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet detector. It will ensure that the method to follow complies with the evaluation parameters (linearity, precision and accuracy). It is also intended to contribute to a methodological proposal for the extraction (liquid-liquid with acidified methanol) and purification of trans-resveratrol.
Validación secundaria del método de filtración por membrana para la detección de microorganismos indicadores de contaminación en muestras de agua de uso farmacéutico
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Guarnizo Mejía, Mariana; Nieto Ramírez, Luisa María (Directora)
Purified water is supplied in the manufacture of non-parenteral products in the pharmaceutical industry. This input requires a microbiological analysis due to the susceptibility of microbial contamination in the distribution process, thanks to the presence of biofilms, among other factors. The filtration by membrane allows detecting the causes of said contamination and for this reason it is important to verify this methodology in the industry so that it can be used as a method of quality control in the plant located in the urban area of Cali. The present work was carried out in the pharmaceutical company Sanofi Cali, where the challenge organisms used in each stage of the process were evaluated, respectively the strains ATCC (American Type Culture Collection) Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027. The stages of the process were a) inoculum standardization, b) productivity and selectivity tests of the culture media (Plate Count Agar, Chromocult and Cetrimide), c) development of the secondary validation technique of the membrane filtration method. The comparison of the results obtained by two analysts was included during the validation process. The effectiveness of validation for S. aureus and E. coli and non-effectiveness in P. aeruginosa was demonstrated.
Susceptibilidad a los antimicóticos de levaduras aisladas de los sistemas de aguas de la ciudad de Santiago de Cali, Colombia
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Osorio Vanegas, Lizeth Stefania; Caicedo Bejarano, Luz Dary (Directora); Ramírez Castrillón, Mauricio (Director)
Fungal infections increased markedly on the world. Currently, new pathogenic yeast species are reported with more frequence. The most important sources of aquatic isolation are industrial and municipal wastewaters, represented by chemical, physical and biological pollutants. The aim of this study was to characterize the antifungal susceptibility of yeasts isolated from, water systems in Cali, Colombia. Also to assens the correlation between physicochemical parameters, heavy metals, and fluconazole susceptibility, one of the most used antifungal. Two types of water were collected: potable (Río Meléndez, Puerto Mallarino) and residual wastewaters (Canal Sur, Planta de Tratamiento Cañaveralejo - PTAR). Serial dilutions were made and the samples were cultured on Dicloran Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol (DRBC) agar (Merck) and CHRomagarCandida (BBL) to count the CFU/mL. Study of susceptibility to Amphotericin and Fluconazole were made by the plate microdilution technique. Groupings were carried out according to their morphology and the identification of the representative isolates of each morphotype was carried out by biochemical kit (API 20C) and analysis of sequences of the ITS1-5.8S-IST2 region. 15 yeast species were identified with API 20C and six species by molecular biology corresponding to: Candida albicans, Pichia fermentans, Diutina catenulata, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Trichosporon coremiiforme and Pichia kluyveri. It was reported two morphotypes corresponding to new species of Candida.
Generación de carbón activado a partir del residuo de cosecha de Ananas comosus para la remoción de metales pesados Plomo (Pb+2) y Cadmio (Cd+2)
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Velásquez Varón, Nidia Marcela; Zambrano Salgado, Yesid Fabián (Director)
In this study, activated charcoal was prepared from the leaves of Ananas comosus; by chemical activation, from two different pyrolysis temperatures (500 ° C and 600 ° C) and different concentrations of activating agent (20%, 40%,42,5% and 60%) in a 6: 1 impregnation ratio, with which yield percentages were obtained which varied from 47.15% to 54.82%. The surface chemistry of the coals was studied by FTIR infrared spectroscopy. The adsorbent properties of heavy metals (Pb2 + and Cd2 +) were measured from aqueous solutions, obtaining a removal percentage above 80% for both solutions. The adsorption isotherm was performed, in which the linearized experimental data fit very well to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model, where the chemotherapy of lead and cadmium heavy metals is produced from the aqueous solutions.
Evaluación del efecto de la plata coloidal, en la remoción de Escherichia coli y la obtención de un agua salubre a partir de filtros caseros
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Carabalí Ramos, Juan José; Pérez Vidal, Andrea (Directora); Rivera Sánchez, Sandra Patricia (Directora)
Water is a natural and indispensable resource for life, for this reason it is very important to supply it, in a drinkable, affordable and good quality way to be supplied to the community in general, fulfilling the physicochemical characteristics, Microbiological and sanitary concept, established in the standard, Resolution 2115 of 2007. However, despite drinking water being a right, many communities, especially rural ones, still do not have access to quality water; presenting Diarrheal Watered Diseases (EDA) and Foodborne Diseases (ETA) which are induced by the intake of unhealthy water, among other factors that help to spread the disease. For this reason, alternative techniques and / or processes for water treatment have been sought, among which techniques such as home filtration systems for obtaining drinking water have been highlighted. These filters are composed of various materials, such as colloidal silver, activated carbon, which possess antimicrobial potential and / or retention capacity of substances and microorganisms. In order to mitigate the EDA and ETA, the REPLACOL microenterprise developed and provided the EKOFIL filtration systems impregnated with colloidal silver.
Caracterización de bacterias asociadas a la rizosfera de plantas de yuca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) sometidas a estrés por déficit hídrico
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Galindo Espinal, Diana Marcela; Zapata Gualtero, Tatiana; Corrales Ducuara, Alba Rocío (Directora); Ocampo Ibáñez, Iván Darío (Codirector)
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is one of the most important energy sources in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. During the last years, its production has resulted in extreme environmental conditions. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are a type of bacteria that colonize the roots and a symbolic relationship with the plant, favoring their growth and resistance even in conditions of abiotic stress. In the present study, 124 bacterial components of cassava plants M. esculenta are characterized, of which 26 rhizobacteria are identified in plants over a period of 20 days. The analyzes of the abundance of the most predominant genera are: Bacillus, Achromobacter, Pseudomonas, Sphingomonas and Streptomyces. These results are important for bacterial communities such as cassava cultivation and its relationship with the response of plants to abiotic stress conditions.
Diseño de un sistema de gestión ambiental para la empresa Análisis Ambiental S.A.S basado en la norma NTC 14001:2015
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Mosquera Mosquera, Gloria Estefanía; Angulo Piñeros, Nathalia; Garzón García, Guillermo (Director); Robles Pardo, Edilberto (Director)
The company ANALISIS AMBIENTAL S.A.S. provides Environmental and Sanitary Engineering services that include consultancies in water treatment plants, water, air and soil monitoring; as well as physicochemical and microbiological laboratory analysis services. These services generate impacts on the environment, and being aware of this, an Environmental Management System based on the Standard NTC - ISO 14001 of 2015 has been designed to know its nature, and mitigate and/or control them effectively.
Síntesis y caracterización de metalofármacos obtenidos a partir de Metformina con CU2+, NI2+, CO2+, ZN2+ Y BI3+, con potencial uso para el tratamiento del sobrepeso
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Villamizar Delgado, Stephanny; D'vries Arturo, Richard Fernando (Director); Piñeros, Octavio (Director)
A series of coordination compounds of Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), Zn(II) and Bi(III) with a type of biguanide (known commercially as Metformin Hydrochloride) have been synthesized and characterized by means of spectroscopic techniques (FT-IR, UV / VIS), X-ray diffraction techniques and thermal analysis. From single-crystal X-ray diffraction data, it was possible to completely characterize the compound of formula [Co(C4H11N5)3](Cl)2·(H2O)2. The compound obtained crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c, with one molecule per asymmetric unit and is reported for the first time. The compounds obtained will be evaluated by means of biological tests in order to clarify their actions by physiopathological mechanisms that intervene in the control of appetite, the increase in body weight and other associated metabolic factors.

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