Facultad de Ciencias Básicas
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Item Diseño, implementación y mejoramiento de un método para la disminución del desperdicio generado durante el empaque y embalaje de harina precocida de maíz en la empresa alimentos del Cauca S.A.(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2012) Valderrama González, Luis Alfonso; Garzón Garcia, GuillermoUsing statistical process control as a tool for improvement, improved packaging process, integrating teams and encouraging the participation of the same. The application of this method of analysis of a representative sample packs precooked cornmeal able to reduce wastage of the same. This involved the development of technical and administrative skills to solve problems. It also encouraged the participation of the company's operating personnel. Developing this project has managed to launch the appropriate methodology to the particular case, facilitating the organization of control instruments for proper resource management plan.Item Sensibilidad cutánea (skin prick test) a hongos alergénicos de los trabajadores de tres edificios de la universidad Santiago de Cali y su relación con los síntomas de alergias respiratorias(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Calderón Quintero, Cristina; Caicedo Bejarano, Luz DarySe planteó un estudio epidemiológico observacional de corte transversal, se describe una relación a la exposición de hongos en ambientes intramurales y a la presencia de hongos alergénicos en fosas nasales. En el estudio participaron 126 trabajadores de la Universidad Santiago de Cali, quienes firmaron un consentimiento informado y contestaron la encuesta adaptada de ISAAC (The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood) para determinar la prevalencia de alergias diagnosticadas y no diagnosticadas. 71/126 (56,3%) trabajaban en el bloque 1; 24/126 (19,1%) en el bloque 3 y 31/126 (24,6%) en el bloque 4, La prueba “in vivo” Skin Prick Test (SPT) fue practicada a 75 trabajadores. Se encontró una prevalencia de SPT+ para Fusarium oxysporum de 10/75 (13,3%), Aspergillus fumigatus 5/75 (6,7%), Penicillium notatum 5/75 (6,7%), Alternaría alternata 5/75 (6,7%) y Cladosporium herbarum 1/75 (1,3%). Este estudio permitió establecer una posible asociación entre la presencia de hongos en los ambientes laborales y en las fosas nasales de los trabajadores con la respuesta positiva para la prueba SPT para Fusarium oxysporumItem Aplicación de la ecuación de Schrödinger en el estudio del movimiento de moléculas diatómicas(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Bueno Barbosa, Douglas Andrés; Parada Valencia, AlexanderUnderstanding the physiochemical phenomenon at the subatomic level is very important in order to know the behaviour of the matter these energy scales. It is necessary to use the Schrödinger equation in the order to describe chemical and physically the molecules. Throughout of the development of this work, we addressed the study of the Schrödinger equation and applications in the movement of diatomic molecules. The interaction potential is described by this equation, as well as the translational, rotational and vibrational energies of each molecule. Likewise, the Hamiltonian is studied in a general way, and particularly for the hydrogen molecule. We learned the main knowledge relating with Quantum Chemical and after that we focus in the study of some diatomic molecules no studied in the literature until now. Then, a phenomenological study was carried out for the BrCl molecule.Item Evaluación de la aceptación y preferencia sensorial de dos variedades de helados comerciales sabor a chocolate(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Cifuentes Rua, Roberto Miguel; Vera Pérez, Orley Aldemar; Ramírez Navas, Juan SebastiánTwo types of chocolate ice cream (Traditional and Light) were sensory characterized in three different and competitive brands of the market by means of two consumer-oriented tests (preference and acceptance), likewise, it carried out a study based on the physicochemical analyzes performed to these, to identify and explain the preference of an ice cream in particular, thus creating a database that will determine a good quality ice cream with good acceptance and competitiveness in the market. The results that had a greater preference for consumers for traditional ice cream 358 with 42.5% and for light 271 with 47.5%, additional it was concluded that additional additives to the composition such as chocolate sauce and stevia mix - Vanilla enhance the sensory parameters and certificates better acceptance, Friedman's test notes that ice cream does not differ significantly from each other in the different attributes evaluated, but preference inclinations by consumers are included.Item Comparación de diferentes medios de cultivo para el aislamiento de hongos alergénicos a partir de ambientes y fosas nasales(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Concha Alarcón, Héctor Raúl; Caicedo Bejarano, Luz Dary; Chávez Vivas, MónicaDifferent culture media were evaluated for the collection of environmental samples (Agar Dicloran Rosa de Bengala Cloranfenicol, CHROMagar Candida, Avena Agar and , Sabouraud Dextrosa Agar + 5% NaCl) and nasal fossa samples (Sunflower seed agar, SDA and CHROMagar Candida) of workers from three University buildings Santiago from cali. It was found that there were statistical differences, p>0.05, when CHROMagar Candida and Agar Dicloran Rosa de Bengala Cloranfenicol were compared with the volumetric method. , Sabouraud Dextrosa Agar + 5% NaCl recovered the lowest number of UFC / m3 , p <0.0001 when compared with the other media used with the gravimetric method and in the study of nostrils it was found that SDA was the culture medium where the higher counts P<0.0001. In this study, the Agar Dicloran Rosa de Bengala Cloranfenicol culture medium demonstrated that it is the medium of choice for the isolation of fungi from environmental samples and Sabouraud agar for clinical samplesItem Determinación de la Biodisponibilidad in vitro de hierro en diferentes matrices alimentarias elaboradas a partir de harinas fortificadas comerciales(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Guzmán Aristizabal, Luisa María; Usuriaga Moreno, María Camila; Ramírez Navas, Juan SebastianIron (Fe) deficiency has been recognized with the World Health Organization as a public health problem, in countries such as Colombia. It affects a large part of the inhabitants, especially children and women in gestation. In order to counteract the consequences generated by this population, the lack of this mineral establishes the need to use Iron Fortification. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of temperature on the iron diazability of three homemade preparations, in which commercial flours fortified with iron were used. The percentage dialysotity of Iron (Fe) was taken as an indicator of the bioavailability of said ore. The determination was made using the in vitro method, which includes an enzymatic digestion that simulates the physiological process under controlled pH conditions and subsequent quantification by atomic absorption spectroscopy. For each of the samples an estimated percentage between 4 and 5% was obtained which are according to the literature in that they do not exceed 10% absorption of non-hemine iron from food.Item Modificación de superficies de carbono por reducción electroquímica de 1,10-Fenantrolina en medio ácido para la remediación de aguas contaminadas con plomo y mercurio(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Crespo Martínez, Gloria Amparo; D´vries Arturo, Richard; Péttry Valencia, DrochssMediante la técnica electroquímica de voltamperometría cíclica, se modificaron superficies de carbono con películas de 1,10-fenantrolina para la electrorremediación de aguas contaminadas. Para esto, se realizó la reducción electroquímica de 1,10-fenantrolina en medio ácido sobre electrodos de carbono (carbón vítreo y minas de lápiz). Posteriormente, la modificación de las superficie fue comprobada por la oxidación electroquímica de las superficies, en un blanco de ácido sulfúrico 0.100 mol L–1, mostrando dos picos de oxidación electroquímica a 0.48 y 0.80 V vs Ag/AgCl, que evidencian la modificación de las superficies. Los resultados comparados con literatura permiten afirmar que ocurre la pasivación de la superficie con moléculas de 1,10-fenantrolina. El grado de modificación es dependiente del número de ciclos voltamperométricos realizados y para garantizar la modificación completa de las superficies de carbono, se realizó la reducción electroquímica de las superficies en una solución de 1,10-fenantrolina en medio acido, por 15 ciclos de barridos voltamperométricos. Estas superficies modificadas fueron utilizadas para la electrorremediación de soluciones que contienen plomo y mercurio con concentraciones conocidas. Se optimizaron parámetros como pH y potencial de deposición para la electroremediación utilizando cronoamperometría de doble pulso de potencial por 800 s, encontrando que el mejor potencial de deposición es -0,700 V vs Ag/AgCl y el rango de pH óptimo de trabajo está entre 3.00 y 5.00 para la remediación. Finalmente, la espectroscopia de absorción atómica determinó que la cantidad de plomo eliminada fue del 41.55% y 40.91%, cuando se estudió el efecto de potencial y pH, respectivamente. En la electrorremediación del mercurio, se eliminó el 22.42% cuando se evalúo el efecto de potencial y en el estudio del efecto de pH se alcanzó una eliminación del 53.87%. Las superficies aquí generadas pueden ser utilizadas para la remediación de ríos contaminados con metales pesados.Item Calificación de un dispositivo de inmersión para así realizar recubrimientos de TiO2/Hidroxiapatita sobre superficies metálicas(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Martínez Bellaiza, Daniela; Morales Morales, Jimmy Alexander; Castillo Ayala, Jorge EnriqueEl método de inmersión o “Dip-Coating” es utilizado para la obtención de películas delgadas sobre diferentes superficies y con un amplio rango de aplicación; este consiste en la inmersión y posterior extracción de un sustrato dentro de una solución precursora para la formación de la película. En este trabajo se realizó la calificación de un dispositivo de inmersión de bajo costo elaborado en la Universidad Santiago de Cali y se ejecutaron recubrimientos sobre sustratos de acero inoxidable con TiO2/Hidroxiapatita por la técnica de química húmeda. Para la calificación se evaluaron parámetros de velocidad y tiempo de inmersión, abordando la calificación de instalación, desempeño y diseño (IQ, PQ y QD respectivamente); la síntesis de Hidroxiapatita se realizó por precipitación controlada y se analizaron las muestras secas por IR/ATR y TGA-DSC obteniendo unos picos característicos del compuesto y un buen comportamiento térmico, además se analizaron los revestimientos realizados utilizando técnicas espectroscópicas obteniendo los depósitos esperados en los sustratos y obteniendo una relación de Ca/P de 1,57.Item Validación secundaria del metodo filtración por membrana para cuantificar la remoción de Escherichia Coli en muestras de aguas tratadas con filtros caseros(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Martínez Rivera, Jorge Iván; Rivera Sánchez, Sandra PatriciaCon el fin de contribuir en la competencia para que laboratorio de la universidad Santiago de Cali pueda obtener certificaciones futuras en sus técnicas microbiológicas y con el apoyo de nuevas tecnologías de desinfección y tratamiento de agua proporcionadas por la micro empresa REPLACOL con sus dos modelos de filtros caseros de olla cerámica impregnado de plata coloidal (EKOFIL) y reforzado en su interior con una columna de carbón activado granular, también impregnada de plata coloidal (EKOFIL PLUS), diseñados para eliminar partículas suspendidas en el agua incluyendo microorganismos, se busco como Objetivo: realizar la validación secundaria de la técnica filtración por membrana para evaluar la remoción de Escherichia coli en muestras de aguas sintéticas provenientes de filtros caseros EKOFIL Y EKOFIL PLUS.Item Degradación de Ampicilina, Catecol y el colorante naranja II, a partir de residuos de CdS obtenidos de prácticas convencionales de química inorgánica(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Vidal Ruíz, Victor Alfonso; Avila Torres, YennyThe elimination of orange dye, catechol and ampicillin (products present in waste from practical work of organic chemistry and biochemistry), was carried out with cadmium sulfide (CdS). This inorganic material was obtained from of residues of acid- base Pearson's practices in the laboratories of inorganic and analytical chemistry. Cadmium sulfide is a semiconductor with a GAP 2.4-2.6 ; which allows its use as a photocatalyst in the visible region and enhances its application in the degradation of organic matter. An important source of this type of materials are the conventional practices at the laboratory level, where it is possible to obtain residues such as PbS and CdS; which are generally underutilized. In this article, the impure CdS residue was purified and characterized as was reported, previously. Subsequently, organic labs and has obtained the best parameters at pH neutral for the elimination of orange II. This behavior was compared with the transformation of catechol and ampicillin as neutral and zwitterion molecules. H2O2, KI and acetonitrile as solvent, were added in to order to evaluate synergistic effects and establish the role of the semiconductor, (huecos) h+ and OH-. This work is a contribution to the reuse of waste in teaching laboratories, which promote the recirculation water contaminated with this type of organic compounds and allows for the student to design experimental protocols that allow him to use two types of organic and inorganic waste.Item Caracterización molecular de aislados de Enterobacter cloacae resistentes a carbapenemes portadores de los genes blaKPC, blaNDM, blaVIM y blaOXA-48, provenientes de la red de laboratorios públicos y privados del Valle del Cauca(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Guerrero De La Cruz, Daniela Andrea; Restrepo Falco, AuraThe production of beta-lactamase enzymes by some species of enterobacteria is a serious public health problem because it causes the loss of therapeutic efficacy to beta-lactam antibiotics, which are currently used as the first alternative for the management of infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria. In this work, the molecular characterization of 32 phenotypically resistant Enterobacter cloacae clinical isolates of cephalosporins and carbapenemes, from a private and a public entity, located in the city of Cali, was carried out. In order to detect the genes involved in resistance to these antibiotics, the polymerase chain reaction technique was used to amplify the genes encoding carbapenemases: KPC, NDM, VIM and OXA-48. It was obtained that 50% (16/32) of the isolates are carriers of the blaKPC gene, while the presence of blaNDM, blaVIM and blaOXA-48 genes was not detected. The results of this study indicate that the allele that circulates in the isolates is KPC-2 and that they are not genetically related. The results indicate that 81% of patients infected with the enterobacteria carrying KPC carbapenemase come from private medical centers, 81% are male and 44% of those affected are older adults (60 years and older). Knowing the genes involved in carbapenemes resistance in these clinical isolates is an important step towards the development of specific strategies to prevent the spread of this multi-drug resistant pathogen in the municipality of Cali.Item Comparación de dos técnicas para la captación de esporas fúngicas ambientales en un campus universitario(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Delgado Ñañez, Cristhian; Caicedo Bejarano, Luz DaryThe concordance of two fungal spore uptake techniques in the environments of three buildings of the Santiago de Cali University campus was evaluated. The gravimetric method of spore uptake was compared with the Omeliansky formula and the volumetric method (Air Ideal 3P). The environmental sampling was carried out quarterly for a period of 12 months using Dicloran Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol agar (DRBC). 64497 CFU / m3 were accounted for, of which 34930 CFU / m3 were isolated with the volumetric method and 29567 CFU / m3 with the gravimetric method. No significant statistical differences were observed with the two techniques used (p = 0.0739), with a significance level α = 0.05. The predominant genera obtained with both methods were Cladosporium, Penicillium, Aspergillus and Fusarium, which suggests that although the gravimetric method is not as efficient as the volumetric method, it is reliable for estimating the degree of environmental fungal contamination in a similar way to the volumetric method.Item Evaluación de la remoción de salmonella spp. a partir de dos calidades de aguas sintéticas tratadas con filtros caseros(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Castaño Hincapié, Ana Valentina; Rivera Sánchez, Sandra PatriciaWater is the main resource that abounds in the Earth. It is not renewable and has great importance, both for human consumption and for the rest of living beings. It is used for domestic uses or other purposes. The low coverage of aqueduct and sewerage in rural areas of Colombia, added to the fact that the implementation of potabilization in these areas entails a high cost, have favored the creation of new technologies that imply minor resources and accessibility, such as the homemade filters.Item Cuantificación por HPLC de Trans-resveratrol en la uva Isabella (vitis labrusca) cultivadas en la Unión-Valle del Cauca(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Ospina Ramírez, Stephanie; Castillo Ayala, Jorge EnriqueThe Isabella grape (Vitis labrusca) is a variety that has been optimally adapted to the climatic conditions of La Unión-Valle del Cauca, and has had good acceptance in local markets. Currently the grape is consumed fresh and its phenolic content is unknown. According to epidemiological studies, the presence of bioactive compounds with antioxidant capacity such as trans-resveratrol, can exert a protective effect against some diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disorders. For this reason, with this work the quantification of the trans-resveratrol present in the epicarp of the Isabella grape (Vitis labrusca) grown in La Unión-Valle del Cauca is performed, using high efficiency liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet detector. It will ensure that the method to follow complies with the evaluation parameters (linearity, precision and accuracy). It is also intended to contribute to a methodological proposal for the extraction (liquid-liquid with acidified methanol) and purification of trans-resveratrol.Item Validación secundaria del método de filtración por membrana para la detección de microorganismos indicadores de contaminación en muestras de agua de uso farmacéutico(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Guarnizo Mejía, Mariana; Nieto Ramírez, Luisa MaríaPurified water is supplied in the manufacture of non-parenteral products in the pharmaceutical industry. This input requires a microbiological analysis due to the susceptibility of microbial contamination in the distribution process, thanks to the presence of biofilms, among other factors. The filtration by membrane allows detecting the causes of said contamination and for this reason it is important to verify this methodology in the industry so that it can be used as a method of quality control in the plant located in the urban area of Cali. The present work was carried out in the pharmaceutical company Sanofi Cali, where the challenge organisms used in each stage of the process were evaluated, respectively the strains ATCC (American Type Culture Collection) Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027. The stages of the process were a) inoculum standardization, b) productivity and selectivity tests of the culture media (Plate Count Agar, Chromocult and Cetrimide), c) development of the secondary validation technique of the membrane filtration method. The comparison of the results obtained by two analysts was included during the validation process. The effectiveness of validation for S. aureus and E. coli and non-effectiveness in P. aeruginosa was demonstrated.Item Susceptibilidad a los antimicóticos de levaduras aisladas de sistemas de aguas de la ciudad de Santiago de Cali, Colombia(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Osorio Vanegas, Lizeth Stefania; Caicedo Bejarano, Luz DaryWater systems become a high capacity of microorganisms. The objective of this work was to evaluate the susceptibility to the antifungals of yeasts present in the wastewater and natural waters of the city of Cali. Samples were collected from two types of water: potable (Río Melendez, Puerto Mallarino) and residual (Canal Sur, Planta de Tratamiento Cañaveralejo-PTAR). Yeasts were isolated in sabouraud and CHROMagar Candida in the commercial identification with API 20 C AUX (BioMérieux) and in the sequence analysis of the ITS1- 5.8S-ITS2 region. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of fluconazole and amphotericin was determined by the microdilution method, and the influence of some physicochemical parameters and heavy metals was correlated with the possibility of yeasts and antifungals. With the phenotypic tests, the 15 yeast species are identified and the molecular biology techniques six species, the morphotype of the property that can belong to the new species of the genus Candida. 100% of the strains were sensitive to Amphotericin B, and 44.3% were sensitive, 19.23% were sensitive dose-dependent (DDS) and the remaining 25% were resistant to fluconazole. Finally, a correlation has been found between the minimum inhibitory concentration, some physicochemical parameters and the concentration of heavy metals on the antifungal sensitivity of yeasts associated with aquatic systems in the city of Cali.Item Evaluación de la actividad antimicrobiana de péptidos catiónicos vehiculizados en nano liposomas funcionalizados, frente a bacterias patógenas de alimentos.(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Cantor Pareja, Stefania; Oñate, Jose FernandoDuring recent years the resistance of pathogens present in food to antibiotics has been demonstrated. That is why, in this research project, the antimicrobial activity of the synthetic peptides Alyteserin 1C (WT) and its mutant product (ΔM) was evaluated in bacterial strains such as Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923, Listeria monocytogenes ATCCbaa751, Salmonella typhi ATCC25922. Use of two procedures: modification of the antimicrobial peptides and vehiculization of the peptides in liposomes coated with cationic polymer Eudragit E100. The results showed the antibacterial activity of the peptides against the bacteria. However, after the encapsulation of the peptides in liposomes coated with Eudragit E-100, the antibacterial activity was reduced from 1000 to 2000 times against the strains of Listeria monocytogenes ATCCbaa751 and Escherichia coli ATCC25922Item Desarrollo de dos antiespumantes en Disproquin S.A.S con aplicación en el proceso de producción de papel(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Rojas Daza, Andrés Felipe; Floréz López, EdwinIn the paper industry the generation of foam is an important factor because it causes the paper to get porous structures affecting its quality. On the other hand, antifoam products are very effective in suppressing the foam generated in different processes. For this reason, two hydrocarbon and silicone-based antifoams were developed. For their characterization, physicochemical parameters such as pH, percentage of total solids, viscosity, particle size and density were determined. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), one of the components of the hydrocarbon-based antifoam, was also used. An experimental design was used to compare the efficiency of the hydrocarbon-based antifoam with a commercial antifoam followed by an efficiency study of the silicone-based antifoam. Finally, it was demonstrated that the hydrocarbon-based antifoam is more efficient as an antifoam and defoamer than the commercial product. Consequently, the silicone-based antifoam compound showed high efficiency at a temperature between 70 and 90 °C and a pH between 8 and 11. All these results show that these products could be used in different types of industriesItem Evaluación de la remoción de Escherichia Coli presente en dos calidades de aguas sintéticas tratadas con filtros caseros(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Dávila Estupiñán, Andreína; Rivera Sánchez, Sandra PatriciaIntroduction: Water is essential for life and all people must have a satisfactory, sufficient, safe and accessible supply; Likewise, it must comply with the microbiological and organoleptic characteristics established in the regulations, including the total absence of Escherichia coli, in order to be suitable for human consumption; However, a large percentage of especially rural areas do not have good quality water and have diseases for this reason, so resorting to new technologies such as household filters that help purify water, provides an alternative with tangible benefits for health. Objective: To evaluate the removal of Escherichia coli from two synthetic water qualities of EKOFIL and EKOFIL PLUS homemade filters. Methodology: The process for water potabilization was developed at the Santiago de Cali University and the Departmental Public Health Laboratory. Synthetic waters inoculated with the Escherichia coli strain ATCC 25922 at a concentration of 102 and 103 were used; and they were evaluated by the membrane filtration microbiological method. The proposed design was an experimental type study of a factor. For the evaluation of the removal of the homemade filters, an Anova was used. Results: For the two evaluated synthetic water qualities (102 and 103 CFU/mL) there were no significant statistical differences for the removal of Escherichia coli compared to filtration rates. However, the EKOFIL PLUS filters achieved a removal of the microorganism from 2.2 Log in the concentration of 102 CFU/mL and 3.0 Log for 103 CFU/mL, which can be attributed to the presence of the column with activated carbon especially with filtration rate of 2 h / L and 1 h / L respectively. Conclusions: Although the filters showed removal of Escherichia coli in the water after filtration, it fails to meet the criterion recommended by Colombian regulations, which is 0 CFU/100mL, regarding this microbiological indicator in some of the filtration systems and there was no clear trend.Item Estudio de las interacciones del péptido Alyteserin 1C y de su análogo catiónico con modelos de membranas(2019) Sanchez Arias; Kevin; Oñate Garzón; José FernandoAntimicrobial peptides are part of the innate immunity of most living things and have antimicrobial activity against bacterium, viruses, fungi and parasites. Their cationic characteristics make them selective towards bacterial membranes with anionic surfaces.