Facultad de Ciencias Básicas

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Diseño, implementación y mejoramiento de un método para la disminución del desperdicio generado durante el empaque y embalaje de harina precocida de maíz en la empresa Alimentos del Cauca S.A.
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2012) Valderrama González, Luis Alfonso; Garzón García, Guillermo (Director)
Using statistical process control as a tool for improvement, improved packaging process, integrating teams and encouraging the participation of the same. The application of this method of analysis of a representative sample packs precooked cornmeal able to reduce wastage of the same. This involved the development of technical and administrative skills to solve problems. It also encouraged the participation of the company's operating personnel. Developing this project has managed to launch the appropriate methodology to the particular case, facilitating the organization of control instruments for proper resource management plan.
Aprovechamiento de los lodos de salmuera de una planta cloro-soda para la producción de carbonato de sodio
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2018) Luna Gómez, José Luis; Ayala Cruz, Martha Isabel; Franco, Jaime Martín (Director)
A methodology was carried out to obtain sodium carbonate from the brine sludge, previously characterized by ICP-OES plasma spectroscopy. The treatment consisted of adding hydrochloric acid to the sludge to generate carbon dioxide which was absorbed in sodium hydroxide solution at different concentrations to produce sodium carbonate, with a maximum yield of 62,2%.
Síntesis asistida por cavitación acústica de metacrilato de sacarosa
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2018) Rojas Sterling, Juan Camilo; Orduña Ortega, Julieth (Directora)
Sucrose methacrylate was synthesized by transesterification reaction of sucrose with methyl methacrylate using homogeneous basic catalysis (sodium methoxide, NaOCH3) and heterogeneous catalysis (mixed oxides derived from hydrotalcites) with acoustic cavitation irradiation 20 kHz. Optimal reaction conditions were determined using experimental design 32 x 2 where methyl methacrylate consumptions 90.32 % and production of monoesters ≥ 80% when the reaction was catalyzed with NaOCH3 and used molar ratio sucrose: methyl methacrylate 3: 1 and temperature and reaction time of 30 ° C and 30 min respectively. The most abundant sucroester was isolated by HPLC and characterized by vibrational spectroscopy ATR-FTIR, TGA, DSC and NMR
Implementación y validación de la técnica analítica para la cualificación–cuantificación de Dienogest/Etinilestradiol tableta recubierta, por espectroscopia de infrarrojo cercano
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2018) Cardona Moreno, Gilma Liliana; Castillo, Jorge Enrique (Director)
In this study, the implementation and validation of the analytical technique for the identification and quantification by NIR near infrared spectroscopy of Dienogest / Etinilestradiol in Coated Tablets was developed. This methodology was developed in order to provide a quick, simple and environmentally friendly analysis technique. To carry out this study, the spectra of 24 samples were collected, corresponding to 7 placebos loaded in a concentration range of 85 and 115%, 7 placebos loaded according to the DoE, 3 batches of finished product and 7 placebos loaded for validation. The NIR records were made in the diffuse reflectance mode and compared with the HPLC reference method. The PLS multivariate calibration method (partial regression by least squares) was used for the chemometric analysis of the data. The spectral correlation between the methods was established with correlation coefficients of (R2), in the range of 0.996 and 1.00. The validation process was developed based on the criteria of the EMA guide and demonstrated the compliance of the parameters of linearity, accuracy, specificity and precision, which guarantee and allow its application as a method of analysis for the control of the production process.
Desarrollo de dos antiespumantes en Disproquin S.A.S con aplicación en el proceso de producción de papel
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Rojas Daza, Andrés Felipe; Flórez López, Edwin (Director); Grande Tovar, Carlos David (Director)
In the paper industry the generation of foam is an important factor because it causes the paper to get porous structures affecting its quality. On the other hand, antifoam products are very effective in suppressing the foam generated in different processes. For this reason, two hydrocarbon and silicone-based antifoams were developed. For their characterization, physicochemical parameters such as pH, percentage of total solids, viscosity, particle size and density were determined. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), one of the components of the hydrocarbon-based antifoam, was also used. An experimental design was used to compare the efficiency of the hydrocarbon-based antifoam with a commercial antifoam followed by an efficiency study of the silicone-based antifoam. Finally, it was demonstrated that the hydrocarbon-based antifoam is more efficient as an antifoam and defoamer than the commercial product. Consequently, the silicone-based antifoam compound showed high efficiency at a temperature between 70 and 90 °C and a pH between 8 and 11. All these results show that these products could be used in different types of industries.
Aplicación de la ecuación de Schrödinger en el estudio del movimiento de moléculas diatómicas
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Bueno Barbosa, Douglas Andrés; Parada Valencia, Alexander (Director)
Understanding the physiochemical phenomenon at the subatomic level is very important in order to know the behaviour of the matter these energy scales. It is necessary to use the Schrödinger equation in the order to describe chemical and physically the molecules. Throughout of the development of this work, we addressed the study of the Schrödinger equation and applications in the movement of diatomic molecules. The interaction potential is described by this equation, as well as the translational, rotational and vibrational energies of each molecule. Likewise, the Hamiltonian is studied in a general way, and particularly for the hydrogen molecule. We learned the main knowledge relating with Quantum Chemical and after that we focus in the study of some diatomic molecules no studied in the literature until now. Then, a phenomenological study was carried out for the BrCl molecule.
Cuantificación por HPLC de Trans-Resveratrol en la uva Isabella (Vitis labrusca) cultivadas en la Unión-Valle del Cauca
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Ospina Ramírez, Stephanie; Castillo Ayala, Jorge Enrique (Director)
The Isabella grape (Vitis labrusca) is a variety that has been optimally adapted to the climatic conditions of La Unión-Valle del Cauca, and has had good acceptance in local markets. Currently the grape is consumed fresh and its phenolic content is unknown. According to epidemiological studies, the presence of bioactive compounds with antioxidant capacity such as trans-resveratrol, can exert a protective effect against some diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disorders. For this reason, with this work the quantification of the trans-resveratrol present in the epicarp of the Isabella grape (Vitis labrusca) grown in La Unión-Valle del Cauca is performed, using high efficiency liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet detector. It will ensure that the method to follow complies with the evaluation parameters (linearity, precision and accuracy). It is also intended to contribute to a methodological proposal for the extraction (liquid-liquid with acidified methanol) and purification of trans-resveratrol.
Validación secundaria del método de filtración por membrana para la detección de microorganismos indicadores de contaminación en muestras de agua de uso farmacéutico
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Guarnizo Mejía, Mariana; Nieto Ramírez, Luisa María (Directora)
Purified water is supplied in the manufacture of non-parenteral products in the pharmaceutical industry. This input requires a microbiological analysis due to the susceptibility of microbial contamination in the distribution process, thanks to the presence of biofilms, among other factors. The filtration by membrane allows detecting the causes of said contamination and for this reason it is important to verify this methodology in the industry so that it can be used as a method of quality control in the plant located in the urban area of Cali. The present work was carried out in the pharmaceutical company Sanofi Cali, where the challenge organisms used in each stage of the process were evaluated, respectively the strains ATCC (American Type Culture Collection) Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027. The stages of the process were a) inoculum standardization, b) productivity and selectivity tests of the culture media (Plate Count Agar, Chromocult and Cetrimide), c) development of the secondary validation technique of the membrane filtration method. The comparison of the results obtained by two analysts was included during the validation process. The effectiveness of validation for S. aureus and E. coli and non-effectiveness in P. aeruginosa was demonstrated.
Generación de carbón activado a partir del residuo de cosecha de Ananas comosus para la remoción de metales pesados Plomo (Pb+2) y Cadmio (Cd+2)
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Velásquez Varón, Nidia Marcela; Zambrano Salgado, Yesid Fabián (Director)
In this study, activated charcoal was prepared from the leaves of Ananas comosus; by chemical activation, from two different pyrolysis temperatures (500 ° C and 600 ° C) and different concentrations of activating agent (20%, 40%,42,5% and 60%) in a 6: 1 impregnation ratio, with which yield percentages were obtained which varied from 47.15% to 54.82%. The surface chemistry of the coals was studied by FTIR infrared spectroscopy. The adsorbent properties of heavy metals (Pb2 + and Cd2 +) were measured from aqueous solutions, obtaining a removal percentage above 80% for both solutions. The adsorption isotherm was performed, in which the linearized experimental data fit very well to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model, where the chemotherapy of lead and cadmium heavy metals is produced from the aqueous solutions.
Diseño de un sistema de gestión ambiental para la empresa Análisis Ambiental S.A.S basado en la norma NTC 14001:2015
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Mosquera Mosquera, Gloria Estefanía; Angulo Piñeros, Nathalia; Garzón García, Guillermo (Director); Robles Pardo, Edilberto (Director)
The company ANALISIS AMBIENTAL S.A.S. provides Environmental and Sanitary Engineering services that include consultancies in water treatment plants, water, air and soil monitoring; as well as physicochemical and microbiological laboratory analysis services. These services generate impacts on the environment, and being aware of this, an Environmental Management System based on the Standard NTC - ISO 14001 of 2015 has been designed to know its nature, and mitigate and/or control them effectively.
Síntesis y caracterización de metalofármacos obtenidos a partir de Metformina con CU2+, NI2+, CO2+, ZN2+ Y BI3+, con potencial uso para el tratamiento del sobrepeso
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Villamizar Delgado, Stephanny; D'vries Arturo, Richard Fernando (Director); Piñeros, Octavio (Director)
A series of coordination compounds of Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), Zn(II) and Bi(III) with a type of biguanide (known commercially as Metformin Hydrochloride) have been synthesized and characterized by means of spectroscopic techniques (FT-IR, UV / VIS), X-ray diffraction techniques and thermal analysis. From single-crystal X-ray diffraction data, it was possible to completely characterize the compound of formula [Co(C4H11N5)3](Cl)2·(H2O)2. The compound obtained crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c, with one molecule per asymmetric unit and is reported for the first time. The compounds obtained will be evaluated by means of biological tests in order to clarify their actions by physiopathological mechanisms that intervene in the control of appetite, the increase in body weight and other associated metabolic factors.
Estudio de la Micota Ambiental de tres edificios de la Universidad Santiago de Cali, Colombia
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Lasso Ceballos, Ana María; Caicedo Bejarano, Luz Dary (Directora)
The quantification of the environmental load in the indoors of the buildings (1, 3 and 4) of the University Santiago De Cali, Colombia and in their corresponding responses to the results to obtain a load value. A volumetric method and Dicloran Bengal chloramphenicol (DRBC) and CHROMagar Cándida culture media were used for sampling. The identification of the fungi was carried out based on macro and microscopic characteristics. Parallel to the sampling the relative humidity and temperature of each space studied was determined. This study was conducted for quarterly periods during twelve months (March 2018 to march 2019). In the study of environments of the three buildings was detected a total of 82393 colony forming units (CFU/m3) of which 60053 CFU/m3correspond to indoor environment. The results obtained showed that it was not possible to establish a correlation between the temperature and the CFU/m3 found inside the three buildings, but for the relative humidity in relation to building 4.The genera Cladosporium, Fusarium, Penicillium and Aspergillus were identified as the most prevalent allergenic fungi in this study. The results in the quantification revealed that the fungal burden exceeds the limits accepted for internal environments (500 CFU/m3) according to the World Health Organization (WHO).
Estudio estructural y supramolecular por medio de difracción de rayos X y superficies de Hirshfeld del compuesto ácido 2-(E)-((4-hidroxifenil)-diazenil) benzoico
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) García Carreño, Camila Andrea; D'vries Arturo, Richard Fernando (Director)
The crystalline structure of 2-(E)-((4-hydroxyphenyl) diazenil) benzoic acid compound, was resolved by means of the intrinsic phase method using single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. It was find that the molecule crystallizes in the ortorombic crystalline system with Pbca space group. Within its unit cell there are four molecules per asymmetric unit, which are molecular conformers and form beta helix arrangement along [0 1 0] direction. Hirshfeld surface calculation was performed to determine the intermolecular interactions that contribute the most to crystalline packaging. It was possible to observe that the main contribution to the general surface is given by the contacts H…H (34.8%), followed by interactions O…H/H…O (27%) and C…H/H…C (18.6%). The energy interaction networks were calculated at a HF/3-2 level, allowing to quantify the high participation of dispersion interactions (-57.5 kJ/mol) in the formation of crystalline packaging.
Biota Fúngica en fosas nasales de trabajadores de tres edificios de la Universidad Santiago de Cali y su relación con síntomas de alergias respiratorias
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Castillo Téllez, Beatriz Angélica; Caicedo Bejarano, Luz Dary (Directora)
Allergenic fungi enter through the air to nostrils and may be responsible for some respiratory allergies. The objective of the present study was to determine the relationship between allergies diagnosed and undiagnosed according to the results obtained from the adapted survey of ISAAC (International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood) and the fungal load of the nostrils of workers of three buildings of the Santiago de Cali University. The samples taken from the nostrils were made with sterile swabs and the subsequent sowing was done on Sabouraud dextrose agar, sunflower seed agar and Candida CHROMagar. In 100% of the workers (126) who participated in the study, allergenic fungi were isolated. The highest prevalence of allergenic fungi in the workers of the different buildings was obtained by the workers of block 1, finding significant statistical differences, for the genus Fusarium sp, (p=0,0018 Kruskal Wallis) and Penicillum sp, (p=0,0080 Kruskal Wallis), but not for Cladosporium sp, Alternaria sp and Aspergillus sp; likewise, the biggest fungal load was presented by the workers of this building. When analyzing the fungal 6 load found in the nasal passages and its relation with the presence of symptoms of respiratory allergies, it was established that there was significant statistical association with the genus Fusarium sp (p=0,0430 Wilcoxon Mann Whitney) and not for Cladosporium sp (p=0,1918, Wilcoxon Mann Whitney) which was the most frequently isolated genus.
Diseño, síntesis y actividad biológica de péptidos antimicrobianos catiónicos
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Vargas Carabalí, Lina Fernanda; Oñate Garzón, José Fernando (Director)
Antibacterial resistance to conventional antibiotics is an emerging problem worldwide. This urge to develop alternative antibiotics has motivated researchers to look for new molecules to overcome this resistance problem, such as antimicrobial peptides (PAMs). PAMs are important effector molecules of the innate immune system, which is the main defense mechanism for most living organisms. Alyteserin 1c, is an antimicrobial peptide secreted in the skin of the toad Alytes obstetricans characterized by having a net charge +2 (WT). Based on the WT peptide, an analogue (ΔM) was developed, which presents a +5 net charge as a result of different amino acid substitutions in the polar face of the Alyteserin 1c helix. Both peptides were synthesized using the solid phase peptide synthesis method. The yield of the unpurified synthesis was 29.7% for each peptide. After the process of purification by reverse phase high efficiency liquid chromatography, the yield was 4.95% for the WT and 13.2% for the ΔM. Subsequently, the purity of the peptides was verified using the Bruker Daltonics MALDI-TOF mass spectrophotometer, which was 95% in both peptides. Regarding the antibacterial activity, the WT peptide exhibited a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 62.5 μM and 250 μM, against the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimuriom, respectively, on the other hand, with the ΔM MICs were obtained from 125 μM and 62.5 μM, for both strains respectively. Regarding the hemolytic activity of the peptide WT and ΔM, it was observed that the minimum hemolytic concentration is 62.5 μM in each one.
Evaluación de las propiedades fisicoquímicas del almidón termoplástico en presencia de ácido láctico
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Pastrana Gutiérrez, Isabel; Ávila Torres, Yenny Patricia (Directora); Caicedo Cano, Carolina (Directora)
The thermoplastic starch was modified with lactic acid in the molten state, using two types of starches (achira and potato) and two different plasticizers, glycerol and sorbitol. These components were used in a 70:30 ratio (starch: plasticizer) and the addition of acidic agent was carried out in portions of 3, 6 and 9% by weight. These mixtures were obtained in a torque rheometer at 130 ° C for 10 min. The thermal characterization performed showed greater stability for the samples of TPSL> TPS, the values in the temperature of degradation varied between 230 ° C to 280 ° C, while for the thermal transitions corresponding to the temperature of gelatinization and fusion they showed a decrease in the crystallinity for the samples with 6% oleic acid, these results were consistent with the morphological analysis. The results derived from the oscillatory rheological analysis had a viscous behavior in the TPS samples, while the presence of the acid generated viscous to elastic transitions. Finally, a reduction in the hydrophilicity of the modified TPS was evidenced because some of the samples increased the value of the contact angle by up to ~ 46%.
Polímeros de coordinación de Plata(l), Cobalto(II) y Manganeso(II) con PVA inmovilizado en quitosano depositado en aluminio y vidrio erosionado
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Díaz Canchimbo, Viviana Maria; Ávila Torres, Yenny Patricia (Directora); Caicedo Cano, Carolina (Directora)
The aim of this research work was the development of low and medium molecular weight chitosan (Q) membranes embedded with polyvinyl alcohol, which were enriched with the metal ions of: copper (II), cobalt (II), manganese ( II) and silver (I) as new bactericidal materials. The method used was electrospinning, establishing optimal deposit conditions (DC 11 cm, VB 0.01 mL / hr, V 16 Kv, T 70 min and 16% PVA) on two aluminum surfaces and eroded glass. The antibacterial activity was carried out against Staphylococcus aureus and Eschericia Coli by comparing the activity in solution and its corresponding supported membrane. The method used was Kirby - Bauer modified discs, implementing as positive controls amoxicillin at 25000 ppm and the metal salts at 50000 ppm by each transition metals. The preliminary results show bactericidal and bacteriostatic activity mediated by the nature of the metal ion, further studies are proposed in order to understand the diffusion process and the effect on the stability of the coordination polymers with respect to biological activity.
Correlación instrumental y sensorial de la calidad de una muestra de yogurt de la empresa Fructilacteos
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Giraldo Erazo, María Camila; Ramírez Navas, Juan Sebastián (Director)
Greek yogurt samples from the company fructilácteos of campo were sensorially characterized by a semi-trained panel. Likewise, a study of the physical-chemical parameters of the same was carried out. The objective was to correlate the sensory parameters with the instrumental ones (viscosity, syneresis, pH, acidity, soluble and total solids) to identify the instrumental parameters that approximate the sensations experienced when consuming fructilácteos Greek yogurt (YGF). On the sensory side of the panelists, there was a preference for YGF for its attribute of creaminess and acidity, while on the part of the consumer a preference of 58% was observed by the YGC, mostly male consumers, however in the instrumental parameters it is revealed that most of them enter the established limit, minus the parameter of viscosity, which was 1.02.
Validación secundaria del Número Más Probable para evaluar la remoción de Salmonella spp a partir de aguas sintéticas tratadas con filtros caseros
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Lucero Huertas, Adriana Isabel; Rivera Sánchez, Sandra Patricia (Directora)
Crecimiento de una barrera electroquímica por la electrolisis oxidativa de 2-aminotiazoles y derivados 4-x-fenil
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Patiño Izquierdo, José Luis; Morales Morales, Jimmy Alexander (Director); Flórez López, Edwin (Director)
Se realizó el seguimiento electroquímico de los compuestos 4-(4-X-fenil)-2-aminotiazol [ X = 1a -CH3, 1b -NO2 , 1c 2-amino-5-metil-4-feniltiazol y 1d 5-(4-Bromofenil)-oxazol-2- ylamina] a través de voltamperométrica cíclica utilizando como electrodo de trabajo carbón vítreo, electrodo de referencia Ag/Ag+ y como contra electrodo espiral de platino; se estudió el efecto que producen variables como el electrolito soporte, concentración, velocidad de barrido, sustituyente y temperatura durante la electro-oxidación de cada compuesto. Se evidenció que el tamaño del electrolito soporte influye en los valores de potencial y corriente pico. La velocidad de barrido como la concentración modifican proporcionalmente los valores de corriente pico. Por otra parte, el cambio de temperatura afecta los procesos de transferencia electrónica modificando las señales de oxidación. Se evidenció que un sustituyente electro-donador facilita la oxidación del compuesto y uno electro-atractor la dificulta. Por último, se evidencio durante la electrolisis oxidativa el crecimiento de una barrera electroquímica influenciada por cambios estructurales.

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