Facultad de Ciencias Básicas

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Diseño, implementación y mejoramiento de un método para la disminución del desperdicio generado durante el empaque y embalaje de harina precocida de maíz en la empresa Alimentos del Cauca S.A.
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2012) Valderrama González, Luis Alfonso; Garzón García, Guillermo (Director)
Using statistical process control as a tool for improvement, improved packaging process, integrating teams and encouraging the participation of the same. The application of this method of analysis of a representative sample packs precooked cornmeal able to reduce wastage of the same. This involved the development of technical and administrative skills to solve problems. It also encouraged the participation of the company's operating personnel. Developing this project has managed to launch the appropriate methodology to the particular case, facilitating the organization of control instruments for proper resource management plan.
Aprovechamiento de los lodos de salmuera de una planta cloro-soda para la producción de carbonato de sodio
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2018) Luna Gómez, José Luis; Ayala Cruz, Martha Isabel; Franco, Jaime Martín (Director)
A methodology was carried out to obtain sodium carbonate from the brine sludge, previously characterized by ICP-OES plasma spectroscopy. The treatment consisted of adding hydrochloric acid to the sludge to generate carbon dioxide which was absorbed in sodium hydroxide solution at different concentrations to produce sodium carbonate, with a maximum yield of 62,2%.
Diseño de un sistema de gestión ambiental para la empresa Análisis Ambiental S.A.S basado en la norma NTC 14001:2015
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Mosquera Mosquera, Gloria Estefanía; Angulo Piñeros, Nathalia; Garzón García, Guillermo (Director); Robles Pardo, Edilberto (Director)
The company ANALISIS AMBIENTAL S.A.S. provides Environmental and Sanitary Engineering services that include consultancies in water treatment plants, water, air and soil monitoring; as well as physicochemical and microbiological laboratory analysis services. These services generate impacts on the environment, and being aware of this, an Environmental Management System based on the Standard NTC - ISO 14001 of 2015 has been designed to know its nature, and mitigate and/or control them effectively.
Síntesis y caracterización de metalofármacos obtenidos a partir de Metformina con CU2+, NI2+, CO2+, ZN2+ Y BI3+, con potencial uso para el tratamiento del sobrepeso
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Villamizar Delgado, Stephanny; D'vries Arturo, Richard Fernando (Director); Piñeros, Octavio (Director)
A series of coordination compounds of Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), Zn(II) and Bi(III) with a type of biguanide (known commercially as Metformin Hydrochloride) have been synthesized and characterized by means of spectroscopic techniques (FT-IR, UV / VIS), X-ray diffraction techniques and thermal analysis. From single-crystal X-ray diffraction data, it was possible to completely characterize the compound of formula [Co(C4H11N5)3](Cl)2·(H2O)2. The compound obtained crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c, with one molecule per asymmetric unit and is reported for the first time. The compounds obtained will be evaluated by means of biological tests in order to clarify their actions by physiopathological mechanisms that intervene in the control of appetite, the increase in body weight and other associated metabolic factors.
Caracterización fisicoquímica, sensorial y micológica del Kéfir de agua en jugos de frutas tropicales
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Pedraza Morales, Yiham Stephanie; Ramírez Navas, Juan Sebastián (Director); Caicedo Bejarano, Luz Dary (Directora)
Kefir contains beneficial properties that promote health, which is why microorganisms isolated from kefir are studied for the development of functional foods. In the present study, the physicochemical, sensory and growth characteristics and phenotypic characterization of fungi present in water kefir in tropical fruit juices were determined. This experiment was done under a factorial design corresponding to the combination of two factors with three blocks and three replicas: type of substrate (pear juice, passion fruit and water with panela) and sucrose concentration (25%, 50% and 100%). The response variables were: acidity, pH, Brix degrees. For the microbiological analyzes, decimal dilutions were made, they were counted on the second and fifth day of incubation. The identification was made with API 20C and Vitek 2 (Biomérieux). Three yeast strains found from higher to lower number of CFU/mL Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1, Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2 and Zygosaccharomyces spp were finally isolated with the sensory analysis it was determined that the passion fruit drink was the one that had the best acceptance and preference on the part of consumers.
Generación de carbón activado a partir del residuo de cosecha de Ananas comosus para la remoción de metales pesados Plomo (Pb+2) y Cadmio (Cd+2)
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Velásquez Varón, Nidia Marcela; Zambrano Salgado, Yesid Fabián (Director)
In this study, activated charcoal was prepared from the leaves of Ananas comosus; by chemical activation, from two different pyrolysis temperatures (500 ° C and 600 ° C) and different concentrations of activating agent (20%, 40%,42,5% and 60%) in a 6: 1 impregnation ratio, with which yield percentages were obtained which varied from 47.15% to 54.82%. The surface chemistry of the coals was studied by FTIR infrared spectroscopy. The adsorbent properties of heavy metals (Pb2 + and Cd2 +) were measured from aqueous solutions, obtaining a removal percentage above 80% for both solutions. The adsorption isotherm was performed, in which the linearized experimental data fit very well to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model, where the chemotherapy of lead and cadmium heavy metals is produced from the aqueous solutions.
Evaluación del efecto de la plata coloidal, en la remoción de Escherichia coli y la obtención de un agua salubre a partir de filtros caseros
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Carabalí Ramos, Juan José; Pérez Vidal, Andrea (Directora); Rivera Sánchez, Sandra Patricia (Directora)
Water is a natural and indispensable resource for life, for this reason it is very important to supply it, in a drinkable, affordable and good quality way to be supplied to the community in general, fulfilling the physicochemical characteristics, Microbiological and sanitary concept, established in the standard, Resolution 2115 of 2007. However, despite drinking water being a right, many communities, especially rural ones, still do not have access to quality water; presenting Diarrheal Watered Diseases (EDA) and Foodborne Diseases (ETA) which are induced by the intake of unhealthy water, among other factors that help to spread the disease. For this reason, alternative techniques and / or processes for water treatment have been sought, among which techniques such as home filtration systems for obtaining drinking water have been highlighted. These filters are composed of various materials, such as colloidal silver, activated carbon, which possess antimicrobial potential and / or retention capacity of substances and microorganisms. In order to mitigate the EDA and ETA, the REPLACOL microenterprise developed and provided the EKOFIL filtration systems impregnated with colloidal silver.
Caracterización de bacterias asociadas a la rizosfera de plantas de yuca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) sometidas a estrés por déficit hídrico
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Galindo Espinal, Diana Marcela; Zapata Gualtero, Tatiana; Corrales Ducuara, Alba Rocío (Directora); Ocampo Ibáñez, Iván Darío (Codirector)
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is one of the most important energy sources in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. During the last years, its production has resulted in extreme environmental conditions. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are a type of bacteria that colonize the roots and a symbolic relationship with the plant, favoring their growth and resistance even in conditions of abiotic stress. In the present study, 124 bacterial components of cassava plants M. esculenta are characterized, of which 26 rhizobacteria are identified in plants over a period of 20 days. The analyzes of the abundance of the most predominant genera are: Bacillus, Achromobacter, Pseudomonas, Sphingomonas and Streptomyces. These results are important for bacterial communities such as cassava cultivation and its relationship with the response of plants to abiotic stress conditions.
Diseño, síntesis y actividad biológica de péptidos antimicrobianos catiónicos
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Vargas Carabalí, Lina Fernanda; Oñate Garzón, José Fernando (Director)
Antibacterial resistance to conventional antibiotics is an emerging problem worldwide. This urge to develop alternative antibiotics has motivated researchers to look for new molecules to overcome this resistance problem, such as antimicrobial peptides (PAMs). PAMs are important effector molecules of the innate immune system, which is the main defense mechanism for most living organisms. Alyteserin 1c, is an antimicrobial peptide secreted in the skin of the toad Alytes obstetricans characterized by having a net charge +2 (WT). Based on the WT peptide, an analogue (ΔM) was developed, which presents a +5 net charge as a result of different amino acid substitutions in the polar face of the Alyteserin 1c helix. Both peptides were synthesized using the solid phase peptide synthesis method. The yield of the unpurified synthesis was 29.7% for each peptide. After the process of purification by reverse phase high efficiency liquid chromatography, the yield was 4.95% for the WT and 13.2% for the ΔM. Subsequently, the purity of the peptides was verified using the Bruker Daltonics MALDI-TOF mass spectrophotometer, which was 95% in both peptides. Regarding the antibacterial activity, the WT peptide exhibited a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 62.5 μM and 250 μM, against the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimuriom, respectively, on the other hand, with the ΔM MICs were obtained from 125 μM and 62.5 μM, for both strains respectively. Regarding the hemolytic activity of the peptide WT and ΔM, it was observed that the minimum hemolytic concentration is 62.5 μM in each one.
Evaluación de las propiedades fisicoquímicas del almidón termoplástico en presencia de ácido láctico
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Pastrana Gutiérrez, Isabel; Ávila Torres, Yenny Patricia (Directora); Caicedo Cano, Carolina (Directora)
The thermoplastic starch was modified with lactic acid in the molten state, using two types of starches (achira and potato) and two different plasticizers, glycerol and sorbitol. These components were used in a 70:30 ratio (starch: plasticizer) and the addition of acidic agent was carried out in portions of 3, 6 and 9% by weight. These mixtures were obtained in a torque rheometer at 130 ° C for 10 min. The thermal characterization performed showed greater stability for the samples of TPSL> TPS, the values in the temperature of degradation varied between 230 ° C to 280 ° C, while for the thermal transitions corresponding to the temperature of gelatinization and fusion they showed a decrease in the crystallinity for the samples with 6% oleic acid, these results were consistent with the morphological analysis. The results derived from the oscillatory rheological analysis had a viscous behavior in the TPS samples, while the presence of the acid generated viscous to elastic transitions. Finally, a reduction in the hydrophilicity of the modified TPS was evidenced because some of the samples increased the value of the contact angle by up to ~ 46%.
Estudio de la Micota Ambiental de tres edificios de la Universidad Santiago de Cali, Colombia
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Lasso Ceballos, Ana María; Caicedo Bejarano, Luz Dary (Directora)
The quantification of the environmental load in the indoors of the buildings (1, 3 and 4) of the University Santiago De Cali, Colombia and in their corresponding responses to the results to obtain a load value. A volumetric method and Dicloran Bengal chloramphenicol (DRBC) and CHROMagar Cándida culture media were used for sampling. The identification of the fungi was carried out based on macro and microscopic characteristics. Parallel to the sampling the relative humidity and temperature of each space studied was determined. This study was conducted for quarterly periods during twelve months (March 2018 to march 2019). In the study of environments of the three buildings was detected a total of 82393 colony forming units (CFU/m3) of which 60053 CFU/m3correspond to indoor environment. The results obtained showed that it was not possible to establish a correlation between the temperature and the CFU/m3 found inside the three buildings, but for the relative humidity in relation to building 4.The genera Cladosporium, Fusarium, Penicillium and Aspergillus were identified as the most prevalent allergenic fungi in this study. The results in the quantification revealed that the fungal burden exceeds the limits accepted for internal environments (500 CFU/m3) according to the World Health Organization (WHO).
Estudio estructural y supramolecular por medio de difracción de rayos X y superficies de Hirshfeld del compuesto ácido 2-(E)-((4-hidroxifenil)-diazenil) benzoico
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) García Carreño, Camila Andrea; D'vries Arturo, Richard Fernando (Director)
The crystalline structure of 2-(E)-((4-hydroxyphenyl) diazenil) benzoic acid compound, was resolved by means of the intrinsic phase method using single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. It was find that the molecule crystallizes in the ortorombic crystalline system with Pbca space group. Within its unit cell there are four molecules per asymmetric unit, which are molecular conformers and form beta helix arrangement along [0 1 0] direction. Hirshfeld surface calculation was performed to determine the intermolecular interactions that contribute the most to crystalline packaging. It was possible to observe that the main contribution to the general surface is given by the contacts H…H (34.8%), followed by interactions O…H/H…O (27%) and C…H/H…C (18.6%). The energy interaction networks were calculated at a HF/3-2 level, allowing to quantify the high participation of dispersion interactions (-57.5 kJ/mol) in the formation of crystalline packaging.
Biota Fúngica en fosas nasales de trabajadores de tres edificios de la Universidad Santiago de Cali y su relación con síntomas de alergias respiratorias
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Castillo Téllez, Beatriz Angélica; Caicedo Bejarano, Luz Dary (Directora)
Allergenic fungi enter through the air to nostrils and may be responsible for some respiratory allergies. The objective of the present study was to determine the relationship between allergies diagnosed and undiagnosed according to the results obtained from the adapted survey of ISAAC (International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood) and the fungal load of the nostrils of workers of three buildings of the Santiago de Cali University. The samples taken from the nostrils were made with sterile swabs and the subsequent sowing was done on Sabouraud dextrose agar, sunflower seed agar and Candida CHROMagar. In 100% of the workers (126) who participated in the study, allergenic fungi were isolated. The highest prevalence of allergenic fungi in the workers of the different buildings was obtained by the workers of block 1, finding significant statistical differences, for the genus Fusarium sp, (p=0,0018 Kruskal Wallis) and Penicillum sp, (p=0,0080 Kruskal Wallis), but not for Cladosporium sp, Alternaria sp and Aspergillus sp; likewise, the biggest fungal load was presented by the workers of this building. When analyzing the fungal 6 load found in the nasal passages and its relation with the presence of symptoms of respiratory allergies, it was established that there was significant statistical association with the genus Fusarium sp (p=0,0430 Wilcoxon Mann Whitney) and not for Cladosporium sp (p=0,1918, Wilcoxon Mann Whitney) which was the most frequently isolated genus.
Caracterización molecular de aislados de Enterobacter cloacae resistentes a carbapenemes portadores de los genes blaKPC, blaNDM, blaVIM y blaOXA-48, provenientes de la red de laboratorios públicos y privados del Valle del Cauca
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Guerrero de la Cruz, Daniela Andrea; Restrepo Falco, Aura (Directora)
The production of beta-lactamase enzymes by some species of enterobacteria is a serious public health problem because it causes the loss of therapeutic efficacy to beta-lactam antibiotics, which are currently used as the first alternative for the management of infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria. In this work, the molecular characterization of 32 phenotypically resistant Enterobacter cloacae clinical isolates of cephalosporins and carbapenemes, from a private and a public entity, located in the city of Cali, was carried out. In order to detect the genes involved in resistance to these antibiotics, the polymerase chain reaction technique was used to amplify the genes encoding carbapenemases: KPC, NDM, VIM and OXA-48. It was obtained that 50% (16/32) of the isolates are carriers of the blaKPC gene, while the presence of blaNDM, blaVIM and blaOXA-48 genes was not detected. The results of this study indicate that the allele that circulates in the isolates is KPC-2 and that they are not genetically related. The results indicate that 81% of patients infected with the enterobacteria carrying KPC carbapenemase come from private medical centers, 81% are male and 44% of those affected are older adults (60 years and older). Knowing the genes involved in carbapenemes resistance in these clinical isolates is an important step towards the development of specific strategies to prevent the spread of this multi-drug resistant pathogen in the municipality of Cali.
Comparación de dos técnicas para la captación de esporas fúngicas ambientales en un campus universitario
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Delgado Ñañez, Cristhian; Caicedo Bejarano, Luz Dary (Directora)
The concordance of two fungal spore uptake techniques in the environments of three buildings of the Santiago de Cali University campus was evaluated. The gravimetric method of spore uptake was compared with the Omeliansky formula and the volumetric method (Air Ideal 3P). The environmental sampling was carried out quarterly for a period of 12 months using Dicloran Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol agar (DRBC). 64497 CFU / m3 were accounted for, of which 34930 CFU / m3 were isolated with the volumetric method and 29567 CFU / m3 with the gravimetric method. No significant statistical differences were observed with the two techniques used (p = 0.0739), with a significance level α = 0.05. The predominant genera obtained with both methods were Cladosporium, Penicillium, Aspergillus and Fusarium, which suggests that although the gravimetric method is not as efficient as the volumetric method, it is reliable for estimating the degree of environmental fungal contamination in a similar way to the volumetric method.
Evaluación de la remoción de Salmonella spp a partir de dos calidades de aguas sintéticas tratadas con filtros caseros
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Castaño Hincapié, Ana Valentina; Rivera Sánchez, Sandra Patricia (Directora)
Water is the main resource that abounds in the Earth. It is not renewable and has great importance, both for human consumption and for the rest of living beings. It is used for domestic uses or other purposes. The low coverage of aqueduct and sewerage in rural areas of Colombia, added to the fact that the implementation of potabilization in these areas entails a high cost, have favored the creation of new technologies that imply minor resources and accessibility, such as the homemade filters.
Polímeros de coordinación de Plata(l), Cobalto(II) y Manganeso(II) con PVA inmovilizado en quitosano depositado en aluminio y vidrio erosionado
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Díaz Canchimbo, Viviana Maria; Ávila Torres, Yenny Patricia (Directora); Caicedo Cano, Carolina (Directora)
The aim of this research work was the development of low and medium molecular weight chitosan (Q) membranes embedded with polyvinyl alcohol, which were enriched with the metal ions of: copper (II), cobalt (II), manganese ( II) and silver (I) as new bactericidal materials. The method used was electrospinning, establishing optimal deposit conditions (DC 11 cm, VB 0.01 mL / hr, V 16 Kv, T 70 min and 16% PVA) on two aluminum surfaces and eroded glass. The antibacterial activity was carried out against Staphylococcus aureus and Eschericia Coli by comparing the activity in solution and its corresponding supported membrane. The method used was Kirby - Bauer modified discs, implementing as positive controls amoxicillin at 25000 ppm and the metal salts at 50000 ppm by each transition metals. The preliminary results show bactericidal and bacteriostatic activity mediated by the nature of the metal ion, further studies are proposed in order to understand the diffusion process and the effect on the stability of the coordination polymers with respect to biological activity.
Crecimiento de una barrera electroquímica por la electrolisis oxidativa de 2-aminotiazoles y derivados 4-x-fenil
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Patiño Izquierdo, José Luis; Morales Morales, Jimmy Alexander (Director); Flórez López, Edwin (Director)
Se realizó el seguimiento electroquímico de los compuestos 4-(4-X-fenil)-2-aminotiazol [ X = 1a -CH3, 1b -NO2 , 1c 2-amino-5-metil-4-feniltiazol y 1d 5-(4-Bromofenil)-oxazol-2- ylamina] a través de voltamperométrica cíclica utilizando como electrodo de trabajo carbón vítreo, electrodo de referencia Ag/Ag+ y como contra electrodo espiral de platino; se estudió el efecto que producen variables como el electrolito soporte, concentración, velocidad de barrido, sustituyente y temperatura durante la electro-oxidación de cada compuesto. Se evidenció que el tamaño del electrolito soporte influye en los valores de potencial y corriente pico. La velocidad de barrido como la concentración modifican proporcionalmente los valores de corriente pico. Por otra parte, el cambio de temperatura afecta los procesos de transferencia electrónica modificando las señales de oxidación. Se evidenció que un sustituyente electro-donador facilita la oxidación del compuesto y uno electro-atractor la dificulta. Por último, se evidencio durante la electrolisis oxidativa el crecimiento de una barrera electroquímica influenciada por cambios estructurales.
Análisis estructural y supramolecular del compuesto (E)-3',6'-dihidroxi-2-((pyridina-2-yl metileno) amino) spiro[isoidolina-1,9'-xanteno]-3-ona
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Cardona Restrepo, Camila; D'vries Arturo, Richard Fernando (Director); Rojas Álvarez, Oscar Eduardo (Director)
The crystalline structure of the compound (E) -3 ',6'-dihydroxy-2-((pyridine-2-and methylene) amino) spiro [iso-idoline-1,9'-xanthene] -3-one was solved and refined, using single crystal X-ray diffraction data. It was found that the compound crystallized in the triclinic P-1 space group. its unit cell present two molecules per asymmetric unit, which correspond to molecular conformers. Moreover, an analysis to determine the intermolecular interactions from the crystalline system was performed. It was observed that the crystal packing is formed mainly by hydrogen interactions type O-H••• N, and C-H•••O. Finally, the supramolecular interactions of the dimer were quantified using fingerprint plots, obtaining values of 41.4%, 12.9%, 11.1% and 10.4% for interactions type H•••H, C•••H, O•••H, H•••C respectively. The aforementioned diagrams were compared with the obtained for structurally similar molecules; their forms confirmed the differences at the supramolecular level of the compounds analyzed. With this project, it was possible to determine the structural and supramolecular characteristics of the compound. In addition, were acquired the basic concepts related to crystallography and supramolecular chemistry, both at a theoretical and experimental level.
Correlación instrumental y sensorial de la calidad de una muestra de yogurt de la empresa Fructilacteos
(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Giraldo Erazo, María Camila; Ramírez Navas, Juan Sebastián (Director)
Greek yogurt samples from the company fructilácteos of campo were sensorially characterized by a semi-trained panel. Likewise, a study of the physical-chemical parameters of the same was carried out. The objective was to correlate the sensory parameters with the instrumental ones (viscosity, syneresis, pH, acidity, soluble and total solids) to identify the instrumental parameters that approximate the sensations experienced when consuming fructilácteos Greek yogurt (YGF). On the sensory side of the panelists, there was a preference for YGF for its attribute of creaminess and acidity, while on the part of the consumer a preference of 58% was observed by the YGC, mostly male consumers, however in the instrumental parameters it is revealed that most of them enter the established limit, minus the parameter of viscosity, which was 1.02.

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