Especialización en Control de la Contaminación Ambiental
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Item Agricultura sostenible como alternativa de control y mitigación de impactos ambientales(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2020) Salas Chávez, Wilson Rafael; Grueso Casquete, Simón; Bernal Suárez, Diana PaolaAgriculture is one of the most important global production activities, it ensures food security for all worldwide population, providing sustain to 65% of low income population at global scale. At 2050, world population will increase 20-30%, and the agricultural production shall increase about a 60%. Although the goodness provided for socio economic development offered by agriculture for the population, its traditional practice has created several environmental impacts to the ecosystemic systems offered by water, soil and air, among which water overexploitation, eutrophication by diffuse pollution, pathogens and emergent pollutants introduction to water and food chain, soil erosion, deforestation and increase of greenhouse gases emission can be highlighted. However, agriculture will remain one of the fundamental activities for wellbeing, socio economic development at global scale, reason for which in necessary a change in the paradigm towards sustainable agriculture, that guarantees global food security and economic development, mitigating to a large degree the environmental impacts caused by traditional agriculture. In the present review article, it is described the fundamental aspects of organic agriculture, climate-smart agriculture, urban agriculture and precision agriculture, that are already been implemented in Colombia, as sustainable alternatives that allow reconciliation between agricultural socio economic development, the ecosystem and biodiversity preservation worldwide contributing to achieve the sustainable development goals in the year 2030.Item Minería de oro: Tecnologías de Extracción, Ventajas y Efectos(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2020) Lucumí Golu, Hugo Jair; Colorado Aponza, Pablo César; Pérez Vidal, AndreaGold is an element with various industrial uses as electrical conductor in the microprocessor development or as a luxury item. Gold is naturally stored in veins or in alluvial deposits and therefore the technologies used for its extraction may vary. This review paper presents an analysis of the exploitation methods, technologies, advantages, and effects of gold mining, focused on the Colombia context. In the extraction of gold by alluvium, methods such as gravimetric concentration or batting, amalgamation and in a few cases distillation are highlighted, using motorized pumps, water monitors used for crumbling material, dredges, backhoes and bulldozers. Meanwhile, the vein gold extraction process highlights methods such as crushing, grinding, amalgamation and cyanidation, which employ technologies similar to the previous process with the difference of the use of furnaces and torches. The main advantage associated with gold mining is the source of economic incomes for millions of people. Unfortunately, the absence of government entities in charge of regulating mining activities and the inadequate use of their equipment and machinery seriously affect the environment and human health.Item Tecnologías para biorremediación de suelos y aguas contaminadas con hidrocarburos(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2020) Leyton Franco, Maria del Pilar; Pérez Vidal, AndreaHydrocarbons are substances widely used in industry and everyday life. They are present in many processes and consumer products. However, these compounds have a high polluting potential if they are spilled or disposed in the environment. This review paper is focused on the bioremediation technique, being the most studied and used for the hydrocarbon removal. Bioremediation is the use of natural organisms that degrade hydrocarbons as an essential part of their metabolism. This method is environmentally friendly since no chemical substances with adverse reactions in the environment are used and no waste are generated. Some of the most used organisms are bacteria, plants and fungi with removal efficiencies of various types of hydrocarbons exceeding 60%. It is worth mentioning that a large part of the reported studies have been carried out on a pilot or laboratory scale. This due to the difficulty of continuous monitoring and recording in real-scale places, such as an ocean or contaminated terrain. Efforts are still required to optimize these strategies and get more and better solutions for the treatment of hydrocarbon-contaminated sites.Item Procesamiento de cerveza: tratamiento de aguas residuales y subproductos(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2020) Herrera Cuero, Luisa Fernanda; Bernal Suárez, Diana PaolaBrewing brings with it the production of large volumes of wastewater, approximately 10 liters for every liter produced; this wastewater contains a high load of organic matter due to the quantity of organic compounds used in elaboration. The wastewater requires treatments to dispose of it in a safe way for the environment and to take advantage of the generated by-products. Some treatments used to treat wastewater from beer production usually present high costs of both initial investment and operation and maintenance, which hinders their implementation and sustainability, however biological treatments have shown better results compared to other types, which have been implemented in places such as San Carlos de Bariloche in Argentina, China, South Africa, Venezuela and Colombia; mostly with applications of treatment levels up to secondary, an organic load removal greater than 75% is achieved. This review article compiles the different types of treatments applied to the wastewater of breweries, as well as examples of conventional and advanced treatments, with which experiences of different breweries in the world are analyzed with favorable results, representing the need to implement these treatments.Item Minería de oro de aluvión: Efectos en el recurso hídrico y la salud de los mineros(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2020) Loboa Balanta, Liliana; Pérez Vidal, AndreaGold mining is a profitable activity in the world. The gold costs tend to increase annually on the world market at the same time, in turn increasing mining activity. The gold mining is classified according to precedence in primary and secondary; the secondary refers to alluvial deposits of gold. The gold extraction techniques could vary according to the mining scale and level of technology. Many gold companies around the world use toxic chemicals like mercury, affecting the environment, water resources and some ecosystems through the accumulation and biomagnification processes. Also, the mercury affects the human health, causing different types of cancer. The gold mining practices in developing countries have many risks that have been triggered by political, social, economic, and administrative factors, affecting the worker health. In this review paper, mining exploitation was approached with a world-wide vision, climbing to the national level and to the Cauca region, particularly observing the local reality in the municipalities of Suárez, Buenos Aires and Santander de Quilichao. These latter municipalities report inadequate management of substances such as mercury, which has generated environmental and public health effects from the irrational use of this chemical. Additionally, the pilot experience of the La Estrella mine in the municipality of Suárez is reported, which has been applying clean mining and has completely replaced the use of polluting substances such as mercury and cyanide.Item Tecnologías de tratamiento aplicadas al manejo de lixiviados. Una revisión(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2020) Gómez Amezquita, José Rafael; Silva Leal, Jorge AntonioSanitary landfills are currently one of the most widely used final disposal techniques worldwide, however, this technique brings with it the generation of biogas and leachate. The leachates are the product of the decomposition of the organic matter deposited in the landfills that, along with humidity and precipitation, carry a large amount of substances with them. The leachates are mainly composed of four general types of pollutants: organic compounds, dissolved heavy metals, organic and inorganic nitrogen and total dissolved solids, which make leachate a difficult product to treat, it is estimated that a ton of urban solid waste with a Moisture content between 30–35% will generate approximately 0.05–0.07 tons of leachate. This bibliographic review article presents the generalities, characteristics and variables that affect the composition of the leachate together with the existing treatment technologies. Among the implemented technologies, it was identified that the combined systems are the most used, in China more than 80% of the treatment plants combine physicochemical processes with membrane systems, in Colombia biological systems were found combined with advanced filtration systems in the treatment leachate.Item Aplicaciones del eco diseño como herramienta para el control de la contaminación ambiental(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2020) Urbano Pastusano, Diana Carolina; Robayo Avendaño, AngélicaThe environment nature issues have been in part attributed to industrial development with to accelerated production practices for the created of products in large quantities, that is the reason that the strategies have created through the years focussing to mitigate this negative impact on the environmental, as the environment regulations, the ecoefficiency, the ecodesing among others. The purpose of this document is to give an expectation about the method that authors of articles have developmented result of a bibliographic query ecodesign and to compare it with the methods and strategies carried out in Colombia based on the experiences of some companies in the country. The methodology used to achieve this purpose was the search for articles between 2016 and 2020, where ecodesign practices implemented in projects or organizations from different parts of the world will be shown, and then phase-separated the strategies used, counteract them and thus identify the Similarities and differences exist between national and international experiences, also finding the grouping of ecodesign practice with other environmental concepts.Item Tratamiento de aguas residuales para la eliminación de microcontaminantes emergentes(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2020) De Jesús Murillo, Carlos Fernando; Silva Leal, Jorge AntonioEmerging pollutants are compounds produced mainly by municipal wastewater. The presence of these contaminants in the environment, despite not being significant in terms of concentration, does represent a potential health risk. It is known that they can interfere with the endocrine system and it is also suspected that they may have an incidence in other conditions such as cancer, neurological development problems, among others. Emerging contaminants can be classified into two main groups, which are Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products (PPCP) and Endocrine Disruptors Chemicals (EDC). Conventional systems for wastewater treatment have been found to be ineffective in removing most emerging pollutants, so advanced treatments are necessary to reduce their concentration in wastewater effluents. In this context, a large number of investigations have been developed to evaluate the efficiency of different physical, chemical, and biological treatment techniques. Processes such as advanced oxidation (photocatalysis, ozonation, and fenton), ultrafiltration and nanofiltration, osmosis, adsorption, and other biological degradation treatments have shown promising results. This article presents a review of existing research in advanced wastewater treatment for the removal of emerging pollutants and their results and possible application are discussed.Item Efectos ambientales de los hidrocarburos. Una revisión(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Ortiz Díaz, Daniela; Silva Leal, Jorge AntonioThe exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbons and their derivatives constitutes today one of the main industrial activities worldwide, in large part to the different properties and importance of hydrocarbons, not only in the global economy, but also in the activities of the daily living of human beings, for being a fundamental element for the development of almost all activities. However, the different techniques of both exploration, exploitation and production of these chemical compounds have very high levels and probabilities of environmental pollution, mainly because the composition of hydrocarbons generates significant effects on all ecosystems. Faced with this problem, the different scientific advances have begun to use bioremediation techniques with the aim of reducing environmental impacts to influence the recovery of affected ecosystems. This bibliographic review article presents a series of theoretical and conceptual considerations about the effects of the exploration and exploitation of oil and its derivatives, focusing on the environmental effects that these activities bring, as well as the existing regulatory framework in Colombia that regulates all the areas related to the extraction of hydrocarbons.Item Manejo inadecuado de residuos sólidos urbanos desde una perspectiva técnica y psicosocial(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Gómez Ordoñez, Luz Zenaida; Pérez Vidal, AndreaResearchers of environmental problems, in the area of social sciences, emphasize that to try to solve environmental problems due to the accelerated and irreversible degradation and / or disappearance of natural resources, it is not enough to implement strategies for the treatment of SRs and emphasize the need to know the processes through which behavior and attitudes about the environment are developed (De Castro, 1994). Mosler (1993) points out that “the current environmental problems are not problems between people and the environment, but rather as a product of the problems among the members of a social system.” Therefore, this bibliographic review article aimed to identify the factors that influence the behavior of a person, compared to the management of waste using as a basis the Theory of Reasoned Action (TAR) of Ajzen and Fishbein (1980), which states that each person with their values, beliefs, information and behavior prints particular characteristics to the space that inhabits and the elements of said space and highlights the importance of the modification of the behavior and attitudes of each individual in a given space.The document was articulated in three sections, the first describes the generalities of integral management of solid waste (GIRS), the second one deepens the importance of environmental education (advances and limitations) and Finally, the psychosocial aspects associated with solid waste disposal are described. Finally, it was found that factors such as economic, cultural and knowledge about the importance of environmental protection and about the methods of recycling and classification of solid waste, influence the behavior of each person individually and collectively in solid waste management.Item Contaminación de aguas subterráneas por arsénico y su grado de afectación sobre la población en América Latina y el Caribe, Una revisión(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Guerrero Zambrano, Juan Pablo; Silva Leal, Jorge AntonioArsenic (As) is a metalloid that is widely distributed over the earth's surface, there are reports in countries such as China, India, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Chile, Argentina, the United States and Mexico. Its presence is associated with anthropic intervention processes such as mining and pesticide irrigation, as well as natural processes such as bioaccumulation, volcanic and geological activity. In groundwater, it is found as arsenate (As-V) and arsenite (As-III). It is estimated that about 140 million people have been affected by the prolonged exposure of this contaminant, suffering from diseases such as arsenicosis, arseniasis and various types of cancer, which has become a public health issue worldwide. The limits recommended by the WHO should not exceed 10 µg/l of arsenic in the water for human consumption, which is why various treatment technologies have been developed for their removal. Among the conventional ones, there is coagulation, adsorption, precipitation and ion exchange; but in addition, emerging treatment methods are being developed through biological organisms in order to reduce costs and facilitate their application especially in rural areas where access to economic and material resources is limited.Item Importancia de los humedales naturales y artificiales en el ámbito socio-ambiental. Una revisión bibliográfica(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Lenis Ibargüen, Víctor David; Bernal Suárez, Diana PaolaNatural wetlands are considered the most productive ecosystems on earth, having a rich biodiversity and providing various ecosystem services. Its functionality and the physical, chemical and biological processes that are presented there, have promoted the development of technologies (constructed wetlands) that have been used for the treatment of wastewater of different types, imitating natural systems. Therefore, this document aims to highlight the contributions and importance of natural and built wetlands in the socio-environmental field, in addition to making a comparative analysis of the experiences reported in the literature regarding the use of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment with different origin. First, a brief summary was presented on the definition, classification, inventory, components and functionality of natural wetlands, then the definition, components, design parameters, operating conditions and studies carried out with constructed wetlands are presented. Finally, the functionality of natural wetlands within the ecosystem services was highlighted.Item Evaluación de la calidad del aire en la Universidad Santiago de Cali, medición de las partículas totales en suspensión(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Reyes Arias, Tito Reynaldo; Bernal Suárez, Diana PaolaAir pollution is one of the most severe environmental problems worldwide, and it has a particular impact on the health of human beings. Cali is a densely populated city, with topographic diversity in its land and an environment with multiple industrial and transport activities that emit different pollutants into the atmosphere that suffer unfavorably from the quality of the air that is breathed in the environment. The general objective of the project is to determine the concentration of total suspended particles and their impact on air quality in the environment of the Santiago de Cali University. The monitoring of suspended particles and the calibration of high-volume sampling equipment was carried out in accordance with Resolution No. 02308 of February 24, 1986 of the Ministry of Health and the standards of the US EPA contained in the 40 CFR Part 50, Appendix B, on Reference Method for the determination of particulate matter suspended in the atmosphere (High Volume Method) and the Colombian Technical Standard NTC 3704 of ICONTEC. From the results it is concluded that the particles in total suspension (PST) present the particles that exceed the corrected local norm 88.1ug / m3, thus exceeding the allowed value established by Colombian legislation, possibly generating undesirable consequences on the health of the population such as acute respiratory infections and bronchial asthma episode, exposed to environmental pollution caused by vehicular density.Item Manejo de excretas y aguas residuales en comunidades rurales. Efectos en la salud pública(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2020) Piza De La Hoz, Janis Jaqueline; Pérez Vidal, AndreaIn the 21st century, urban and rural communities have a serious environmental and public health problem because they do not have an adequate process of liquid waste management that is controls of domestic management, of agricultural and industrial processes. The majeo and treatment of wastewater and excreta is important because it affects the physical and chemical conditions of the water and in turn generates a negative impact on people's health. This reflection article focuses on the bibliographic review of the conceptual elements that allow the understanding of the management of wastewater and excreta taking into account the impact that is generated on the physical, chemical and health factors, a review of the experiences of wastewater management in Latin America and in the Colombian context, a balance on wastewater treatment technologies in rural areas was also carried out. Next, an analysis is carried out on the characteristics of the wastewater and its relation to public health. Additionally, a collection of primary information was carried out in the community of Vereda El Peón, corregimiento de Pance, rural area of Santiago de Cali, Valle del Cauca - Colombia, In order to identify the health problem related to the management of excreta and wastewater, they especially affect the youth population. In conclusion, the treatment of wastewater is relevant in the community for public health and the environment.Item Efectos ambientales de los hidrocarburos. Una revision(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Ortíz Díaz, Daniela; Silva Leal, Jorge AntonioThe exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbons and their derivatives constitutes today one of the main industrial activities worldwide, in large part to the different properties and importance of hydrocarbons, not only in the global economy, but also in the activities of the daily living of human beings, for being a fundamental element for the development of almost all activities. However, the different techniques of both exploration, exploitation and production of these chemical compounds have very high levels and probabilities of environmental pollution, mainly because the composition of hydrocarbons generates significant effects on all ecosystems. Faced with this problem, the different scientific advances have begun to use bioremediation techniques with the aim of reducing environmental impacts to influence the recovery of affected ecosystems. This bibliographic review article presents a series of theoretical and conceptual considerations about the effects of the exploration and exploitation of oil and its derivatives, focusing on the environmental effects that these activities bring, as well as the existing regulatory framework in Colombia that regulates all the areas related to the extraction of hydrocarbons.Item Evaluación de la calidad del aire en la Universidad Santiago de Cali. Medición de las partículas totales en suspensión(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Reyes Arias, Tito Reinaldo; Bernal Suárez, Diana PaolaAir pollution is one of the most severe environmental problems worldwide, and it has a particular impact on the health of human beings. Cali is a densely populated city, with topographic diversity in its land and an environment with multiple industrial and transport activities that emit different pollutants into the atmosphere that suffer unfavorably from the quality of the air that is breathed in the environment. The general objective of the project is to determine the concentration of total suspended particles and their impact on air quality in the environment of the Santiago de Cali University. The monitoring of suspended particles and the calibration of high-volume sampling equipment was carried out in accordance with Resolution No. 02308 of February 24, 1986 of the Ministry of Health and the standards of the US EPA contained in the 40 CFR Part 50, Appendix B, on Reference Method for the determination of particulate matter suspended in the atmosphere (High Volume Method) and the Colombian Technical Standard NTC 3704 of ICONTEC. From the results it is concluded that the particles in total suspension (PST) present the particles that exceed the corrected local norm 88.1ug / m3, thus exceeding the allowed value established by Colombian legislation, possibly generating undesirable consequences on the health of the population such as acute respiratory infections and bronchial asthma episode, exposed to environmental pollution caused by vehicular density.