Química Farmacéutica
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Browsing Química Farmacéutica by Subject "Activated carbon"
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Item Evaluación de la capacidad descontaminante IN-VITRO de las cáscaras de chontaduro en aguas contaminadas por ibuprofeno(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) García Becerra, Betty Eliana; Urbano Montero, Marilyn; Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director)Currently, activated carbon is one of the most widely used adsorbent materials for environmental remediation purposes, especially for treating water contaminated with pharmaceuticals. In this regard, one of the main focuses is its production from renewable raw materials, such as residual plant matter, which in many cases is underutilized. In order to contribute to this approach, this study obtained activated carbon from peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) shells, a locally abundant waste product, through calcination using an acidic chemical agent (H3PO4 ) and a basic chemical agent (NaOH). Subsequently, the materials obtained were characterized through infrared spectroscopy, Boehm titration, and zero point of charge analysis. Furthermore, their in-vitro adsorption capacity for ibuprofen in aqueous solutions at neutral, acidic, and basic pH values was evaluated. The results obtained confirmed the successful production of activated carbon using both proposed methods, with more than 4000 mmol of surface functional groups per gram of material. Additionally, functional groups such as carboxylic acids, phenols, lactones, and amines were identified on the surface of the adsorbent materials. Finally, it was observed that these functional groups could be charged over a wide pH range, enhancing the removal of ibuprofen from aqueous media, reaching up to approximately 5 mg of ibuprofen per gram of activated carbon. This study highlights the potential of chontaduro shells as an alternative raw material for the production of adsorbent materials capable of removing ibuprofen from aqueous environments.Item Obtención de carbón activado a partir del desecho de cáscara de coco para la remoción in-vitro de fluconazol en aguas(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Coral Palacio, María Alexandra; Jara Sánchez, Laura Yineth; Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director)The increase of emerging contaminants in drinking water sources represents a significant challenge for public health and the environment. Among these contaminants, fluconazole, an antifungal drug widely used in clinical practice, has been identified as a problematic substance due to its persistence and potential negative impact on aquatic ecosystems. In response to this issue, the use of activated carbons derived from renewable sources has emerged as a promising alternative, with the potential for efficient adsorption of pharmaceutical compounds in aqueous solutions. In this way, adsorbent materials were developed from coconut shell waste by chemical treatment with CaCl2 and H3PO4, the presence of functional groups in their structures was evaluated by the Boehm method, and its adsorption capacity of fluconazole was evaluated at different doses of the drug (6 and 10 ppm), amount of adsorbent material (20 and 50 mg), pH (3.0 and 7.0) and ionic strength (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 M). Activation with CaCl2 and H3PO4 yielded 10.17% and 16.3% respectively. Boehm titration revealed carboxylic, phenolic, and lactonic functional groups, critical to the fluconazole adsorption processItem Obtención de Carbón Activado a partir del tratamiento químico de cáscaras de coco para la descontaminación in-vitro de Acetaminofén en agua(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025-11-28) Aponza Banguero, Luis Fernando; Cassiany Salgado, Karl Dionisio; Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander (Director)This study presents the synthesis of activated carbon from coconut shells by chemical activation with phosphoric acid, as an alternative to the removal of acetaminophen in water. The process was conducted without thermal carbonization, yielding materials with an efficiency of 60.41%. To optimize the production of the adsorbent, a full factorial design (2³) was applied, allowing simultaneous evaluation of three independent variables: phosphoric acid concentration (20% and 40%), contact time (12 h and 24 h), and acid-to-precursor ratio (4:1 and 8:1). This experimental strategy enabled the identification of the most effective conditions for chemical activation. Characterization via Boehm titration and zero point of charge (pHpzc) revealed a predominance of carboxylic and phenolic groups, promoting non-electrostatic adsorption mechanisms. The evaluation of adsorption capacity showed that materials M2 and M4 achieved removal rates above 56% and adsorption capacities exceeding 4.2 mg of acetaminophen per gram of carbon, correlated with their surface acidity and low pHpzc values. Statistical analysis confirmed significant differences compared to the control material, and the factorial design identified phosphoric acid concentration and acid-to-precursor ratio as key variables influencing process efficiency. These results position the precursor impregnated with H PO without thermal activation of coconut as a viable, economical and sustainable solution for the removal of emerging contaminants. Further studies are recommended, including kinetic and thermodynamic analyses, adjustments to isotherm models, pilot tests in real matrices, and exploration of synergies with other adsorbent materials to validate industrial applications and expand its potential in diverse environmental contexts.