Química Farmacéutica
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Browsing Química Farmacéutica by Subject "ADN"
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Item Técnicas de Análisis de ADN nuclear y mitocondrial en cabellos y uñas en la investigación forense: Una revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025-11-12) Muñoz Giraldo, Natalia; Ocampo Chagüendo, Dennis Mauricio (Director)Forensic genetics has become an essential tool for human identification through DNA analysis. In the absence of fluids such as blood or saliva, hair and nails represented valuable alternative samples due to their resistance to degradation and availability in post-mortem cases. A systematic review of literature published between 2010 and 2025 was conducted. In the initial search, 6,525 articles were identified, which, after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria and rigorous evaluation, were reduced to 30 studies. These studies addressed techniques for DNA extraction, analysis, and application in hair and nail samples within the forensic field. The results showed that hair with the hair follicle allowed for the recovery of nuclear DNA and highly discriminating STR profiles. In the absence of a follicle, analysis was limited to mitochondrial DNA, which has a lower capacity for individualization. Fingernails, although containing less endogenous DNA, retained exogenous DNA in violent contexts, providing key information for identifying perpetrators. The main limitations included the low amount of nuclear DNA, fragmentation of the material, and the risk of contamination. However, advanced techniques such as miniSTRs, SNPs, and massive parallel sequencing (NGS) made it possible to recover genetic information from degraded samples, increasing the reliability of the analyzes. In conclusion, the study demonstrated that hair and nail analysis has become a strategic alternative in forensic genetics. Under standardized protocols and with the support of modern technologies, these samples yielded reliable results, expanding the possibilities for human identification in scenarios where soft tissues or bodily fluids were unavailable.