Nanopartículas de quitosano como agentes para la remoción de contaminantes emergentes farmacéuticos en agua: Revisión sistemática

Mora Garcia, Kevin Frederic

Nanopartículas de quitosano como agentes para la remoción de contaminantes emergentes farmacéuticos en agua: Revisión sistemática

dc.contributor.advisor	Ciro Monsalve, Yhors Alexander(Director)
dc.contributor.author	Mora Garcia, Kevin Frederic
dc.creator.degree	Trabajo de Grado para optar al título de Químico Farmacéutico
dc.date.accessioned	2026-07-14T15:40:58Z
dc.date.available	2026-07-14T15:40:58Z
dc.date.issued	2026-07
dc.description	La contaminación de ecosistemas acuáticos por antibióticos, antiinflamatorios, hormonas y pesticidas representa una amenaza creciente que los sistemas convencionales de tratamiento son incapaces de resolver eficientemente, situación que ha impulsado la búsqueda de alternativas tecnológicas más robustas. Las nanopartículas de quitosano se posicionan como una opción sostenible, respaldada por su biocompatibilidad, origen renovable y la versatilidad química de sus grupos funcionales para la modificación dirigida. Se realizó una revisión sistemática sobre la síntesis, caracterización y desempeño adsortivo de materiales derivados de quitosano para la remoción de contaminantes emergentes en agua, consultando bases de datos internacionales para el período 2015–2025 con criterios de elegibilidad definidos. Los estudios incluyeron materiales híbridos magnéticos, mesoporosos y compósitos con MOF/MXene que mostraron altas eficiencias frente a tetraciclinas, fluoroquinolonas y β-lactámicos, así como frente a AINEs como ibuprofeno, diclofenaco y paracetamol; la remoción de hormonas y pesticidas recibió atención notoriamente menor. Las capacidades máximas reportadas superaron los 200–500 mg·g⁻¹, especialmente cuando la adsorción se complementó con funciones catalíticas o fotocatalíticas. El desempeño dependió del pH con óptimos en rangos ácido-neutros, de la dosis del adsorbente y de la fuerza iónica, siendo la presencia de Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺ un factor que redujo consistentemente la eficiencia por competencia electrostática. Las principales brechas identificadas incluyen la predominancia de ensayos batch a bajo volumen, insuficiente evidencia en columnas y curvas de ruptura, y escasa validación en matrices reales con balances de TOC y estudios de lixiviación. Los nanocompuestos de quitosano constituyen una plataforma promisoria para etapas terciarias de tratamiento, recomendándose su validación en condiciones cercanas a pH neutro, bajo mezclas multicomponente y en pilotos de lecho fijo con regeneración magnética.
dc.description.abstract	The contamination of aquatic ecosystems by antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, hormones, and pesticides represents a growing threat that conventional treatment systems are unable to resolve efficiently, a situation that has driven the search for more robust technological alternatives. Chitosan nanoparticles are positioned as a sustainable option, backed by their biocompatibility, renewable origin, and the chemical versatility of their functional groups for targeted modification. A systematic review was conducted on the synthesis, characterization, and adsortive performance of chitosan-derived materials for the removal of emerging contaminants in water, consulting international databases for the period 2015–2024 with defined eligibility criteria. The studies included magnetic hybrid materials, mesoporous materials, and MOF/MXene composites that showed high efficiencies against tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, and β-lactams, as well as against NSAIDs such as ibuprofen, diclofenac, and paracetamol; the removal of hormones and pesticides received significantly less attention. The maximum capacities reported exceeded 200–500 mg·g⁻¹, especially when adsorption was complemented by catalytic or photocatalytic functions. Performance depended on pH, with optimal results in acid-neutral ranges, adsorbent dosage, and ionic strength, with the presence of Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺ consistently reducing efficiency due to electrostatic competition. The main gaps identified include the predominance of low-volume batch tests, insufficient evidence in columns and breakage curves, and limited validation in real matrices with TOC balances and leaching studies. Chitosan nanocomposites are a promising platform for tertiary treatment stages, and their validation is recommended under conditions close to neutral pH, under multicomponent mixtures, and in fixed-bed pilots with magnetic regeneration.
dc.description.sponsorship	The contamination of aquatic ecosystems by antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, hormones, and pesticides represents a growing threat that conventional treatment systems are unable to resolve efficiently, a situation that has driven the search for more robust technological alternatives. Chitosan nanoparticles are positioned as a sustainable option, backed by their biocompatibility, renewable origin, and the chemical versatility of their functional groups for targeted modification. A systematic review was conducted on the synthesis, characterization, and adsortive performance of chitosan-derived materials for the removal of emerging contaminants in water, consulting international databases for the period 2015–2024 with defined eligibility criteria. The studies included magnetic hybrid materials, mesoporous materials, and MOF/MXene composites that showed high efficiencies against tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, and β-lactams, as well as against NSAIDs such as ibuprofen, diclofenac, and paracetamol; the removal of hormones and pesticides received significantly less attention. The maximum capacities reported exceeded 200–500 mg·g⁻¹, especially when adsorption was complemented by catalytic or photocatalytic functions. Performance depended on pH, with optimal results in acid-neutral ranges, adsorbent dosage, and ionic strength, with the presence of Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺ consistently reducing efficiency due to electrostatic competition. The main gaps identified include the predominance of low-volume batch tests, insufficient evidence in columns and breakage curves, and limited validation in real matrices with TOC balances and leaching studies. Chitosan nanocomposites are a promising platform for tertiary treatment stages, and their validation is recommended under conditions close to neutral pH, under multicomponent mixtures, and in fixed-bed pilots with magnetic regeneration.
dc.format	application/pdf
dc.format.extent	32 páginas
dc.identifier.citation	Mora Garcia, K. F. (2026). Nanopartículas de quitosano como agentes para la remoción de contaminantes emergentes farmacéuticos en agua: Revisión sistemática [Tesis de pregrado, Universidad Santiago de Cali].Repositorio Institucional USC.
dc.identifier.uri	https://repositorio.usc.edu.co/handle/20.500.12421/9607
dc.language.iso	es
dc.publisher	Universidad Santiago de Cali
dc.publisher.faculty	Facultad de Ciencias Básicas
dc.publisher.program	Química Farmacéutica
dc.pubplace.city	Cali
dc.pubplace.state	Valle del Cauca
dc.rights.acceso	Acceso Abierto
dc.rights.cc	Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)
dc.rights.uri	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.source.institution	Universidad Santiago de Cali
dc.source.repository	Repositorio Institucional USC
dc.subject	Adsorción
dc.subject	contaminantes emergentes
dc.subject	lecho fijo
dc.subject	quitosano
dc.subject	tratamiento terciario.
dc.subject.keyword	Adsorption
dc.subject.keyword	Emerging pollutants
dc.subject.keyword	Fixed bed
dc.subject.keyword	Chitosan
dc.subject.keyword	Tertiary treatment
dc.title	Nanopartículas de quitosano como agentes para la remoción de contaminantes emergentes farmacéuticos en agua: Revisión sistemática
dc.type	Thesis
dc.type.spa	Monografía