Química
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Item Optimización de procesos cuantitativos y cualitativos de fluidez para polímeros plásticos en la empresa Gonzales Arango Daniplas(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Torres Panameño, Keynes Johan; Bermeo Acosta, Franklin (Director)The search for polymer blends has grown significantly in various areas, such as medicine, chemistry and biology, due to their applications in the development of materials with specific properties. These mixtures, also known as polymer alloys or composites, combine different types of polymers in order to obtain materials with characteristics that could not be achieved with a single polymer. . Virgin polymers are lightweight materials, with high chemical resistance and flexibility even at low temperatures, which makes them suitable for various applications, but their exclusive use is neither sustainable nor economical due to the high production cost and dependence on non-renewable resources. . On the other hand, recycled polymers have limitations such as low impact resistance at low temperatures and susceptibility to thermal degradation, but their use is more economical and sustainable, which makes them attractive from an environmental point of view. The combination of these two types of polymers seeks to create materials that are not only cost-effective and environmentally friendly, but also have acceptable technical performance. The approach was based on combining virgin and recycled polymers by using a mathematical model, such as the Boltzmann logistic distribution, to predict the optimal composition point.Item Cuantificación y cualificación de café por espectroscopia infrarrojo cercano (NIRS)(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Reina Villegas, Danna Gabriela; Castro Narváez, Sandra Patricia (Directora)Coffee is a food product of high consumption, which leads to the assurance of its quality and authentication. This paper includes the literature review of studies between 2017-2024 of the applications, advantages and limitations of NIRS in the coffee industry. The results establish that NIRS can identify and quantify compounds such as caffeine, trigonelline, chlorogenic acids, potassium leaching, humidity, conductivity, among others, which establish sensory properties of coffee. In addition, its usefulness has been demonstrated in the detection of adulterants and defective beans, which contributes to assuring the quality of the final product. The results indicate that this technique not only improves operational efficiency, but also allows a more rigorous quality control, facilitating the differentiation between varieties of coffee, such as Arabica and Robusta, assuring the authenticity of the product.Item Electrodos serigrafiados de carbono modificados con óxidos metálicos mixtos y su aplicación en la oxidación electroquímica de 2-Tiazolamina y 2-Oxazolamina(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Maldonado Hernández, Rubén Ernesto; Morales Morales, Jimmy (Director)This study focuses on the use of screen-printed carbon electrodes modified with lanthanum ferrite-type mixed metal oxide nanoparticles OMMs-FL for the electroxidation of 2-aminothiazolamine 2AT and 2-aminooxazolamine 2AO. The OMMs-FL nanoparticles were synthesized using a modified combustion route using sugarcane molasses as fuel and applying mechanical convection and ultrasonic bath. The study found that the ultrasound-assisted route with a calcination time of 9 h and a molasses/lanthanum ratio of 1.125 induces a decrease in the crystallite size of OMMs-FL. The electroactivity of 2AT and 2AO derivatives was studied using OMMs-FL nanoparticles as a surface modifier of ESC carbon screen-printed electrodes. Differential pulse voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to optimize experimental parameters, such as current intensity and optimum pH. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to study the electrochemical behavior of 2AO and 2AT. The results showed that the modified ESC exhibited enhanced electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of 2AO and to a lesser extent for 2AT. The redox behavior varied depending on the type of heteroatom and changes in the basic or acidic properties of the amino group. 2AO was found to be a stronger base. The near-electrode reaction mechanism could be described from the single-electron oxidation of 2-aminoxazole with the formation of a radical cation.Item Síntesis de un nuevo material transportador de huecos (HTM) basado en fenotiazina(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Collazos Cabrera, Mónica; Zambrano Gutiérrez, Carlos Eduardo; Illicachi Romero, Luis Alberto (Director)Organic synthesis is a useful tool in scientific research for the search and development of new materials that allow more sustainable and environmentally friendly alternatives. This project focuses on the synthesis of a Void Transport Material (HTM), a component responsible for the stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), recognized for generating electricity from renewable resources as is the case with solar energy. Initially, tests were carried out based on 4-bromobenzaldehyde and malonitrilo accompanied by acetonitrile and piperidine giving a mixture of compounds difficult to separate with a yield of 13%, later, the synthesis was adjusted changing ethanol as solvent and catalyst solution of sodium hydroxide to 10% of which a yield of 64% and coefficient of variation of 2.5% was obtained. for the synthesis of the compound 2-(4-bromobenzylidene) malononitrile; this product was then subjected together with phenothiazine to a Buchwald–Hartwing amination, yielding a 10% yield and a high coefficient of variation of 34.9%. As part of optimizing the process, 3 tests were carried out with change in time, reaction order and temperature, where the coefficient remains high and the by-products persistent.Item Validación de métodos, procesos e instrumentos en Química: Construcción de una guía basada en evidencia para laboratorios académicos e industriales(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Pabón Gómez, Luz Flanerith; Castillo Ayala, Jorge Enrique (Director)The systematic review addressed the different bibliographic sources according to the validation of methods, processes, and instruments within the chemical industry. The objective was to develop practical guidelines integrated with ISO/IEC 17025, USP <1220>, and ICH Q14 standards. A combined search equation was applied in ScienceDirect (2020-2024), 73 records were filtered using PRISMA criteria, and 10 studies were selected that met quantitative evidence of validation and normative reference. The analysis revealed a marked trend toward high-sensitivity chromatographic techniques and the general basis of documentary quality, with median precision values below 2% RSD and linearity coefficients greater than 0.998. However, less than 30% of the articles estimated expanded uncertainty, and only one described continuous performance verification. Based on these findings, a 10-step guide was designed that covers planning, execution, and documentary regulation, incorporates management indicators, and simplifies uncertainty calculation. It was concluded that harmonization between international standards and Latin American guidelines requires strengthening regional dissemination and promoting the systematic incorporation of uncertainty and post-validation statistical control.Item Estudio In Silico de inhibidores de las enzimas Aminoaldehído Deshidrogenasa PAUC de Pseudomonas Aeruginosa y ALDH9A1 de humano(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Hernández Herrera, Julián; Chamorro Rengifo, Andrés Felipe (Director); Cortes Hernández, Hector Fabio (Director)The increase in bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a problem that negatively impacts public health worldwide, and new therapeutic agents are urgently needed. The bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a drug-resistant human pathogen listed by the WHO as a priority in the search for strategies to combat its infection. Recently, the aminoaldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme PaPauC from Pseudomonas aeruginosa was identified as a possible pharmaceutical target due to its participation in the degradation of toxic aldehydes generated in the bacteria's polyamine metabolism, which serve as a source of carbon and energy. However, to date, no compounds that can inhibit this enzyme have been studied or identified. In order to contribute to the search for possible inhibitors for the PaPauC enzyme, in silico methods were applied in this study, starting with the selection of query molecules, which contain substrates for PaPauC and reported inhibitors of other ALDHs. A database was constructed that integrates more than 15,000 target molecules obtained from the Molport, ChEMBL and Drugbank databases. After filtering the compounds by structural similarity to the query molecules, molecular descriptor values and ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity) pharmacokinetic properties, 42 potential inhibitor molecules of the PaPauC enzyme were obtained. To more accurately select those inhibitors that showed selectivity for the PaPauC enzyme, advanced molecular docking, molecular dynamics and DFT techniques were used. The results showed two compounds containing a quinoline structural core whose affinity energies are better than those calculated for the reported substrates of the enzymes. Overall, the results suggested greater selectivity of the ligands for PaPauC versus ALDH9A1, the orthologous enzyme in humans, as well as high stability of the ligand-enzyme complexes and no toxicity. Finally, with the results of the in silico development proposed in this work, it was possible to rationally select compounds with potential inhibitory activity of the PaPauC enzyme whose activity could be improved by testing different substituents of the quinoline ring.Item Obtención de perseitol a partir de las semillas de Persea americana y evaluación de su actividad antimicrobiana en emulsiones cosméticas(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Carabali Arboleda, Antony; Suarez Osorio, LisethPerseitol (D-glycero-D-galacto-heptitol) is a seven-carbon monosaccharide polyol, an alditol of interest in the plant kingdom, and an essential compound that can be recovered from agroindustrial waste. This study focused on the extraction of metabolites from Persea americana seeds, with the aim of deciding the presence of reducing sugars, evaluating their antimicrobial activity, and exploring their potential application in cosmetic formulations. To this end, Persea americana seeds were subjected to ultrasound-assisted methanolic extraction. The resulting crude extract was characterized by using the Fehling test for the detection of reducing sugars, and its antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 strains were evaluated. The extract was incorporated into a water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion to assess its physicochemical stability. A crude extract was obtained with a 34% yield (w/w). The Fehling test showed positive results for the presence of reducing sugars, consistent with the known composition of avocado seeds, including D-mannoheptulose. However, the extract did not show significant antimicrobial activity against E. coli or S. aureus under the conditions evaluated. The emulsion formulated with the extract achieved a yield of 80.46%. Physicochemical stability assessments (pH and viscosity) of the emulsions stored at room temperature (22 ± 1 °C) and refrigerated (3 °C) showed good stability throughout the study period. Despite the absence of antimicrobial activity under the conditions evaluated, the detection of reducing sugars in the methanolic extract suggests its potential as a humectant in cosmetic applications, given the water-binding ability of these compounds. Therefore, further characterization and purification of perseitol and other bioactive metabolites from Persea americana seeds call for further investigation for future applicationsItem Desarrollo de un modelo de calibración por espectroscopía de reflectancia en el infrarrojo cercano de fitatos totales en frijol(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Patiño Lenis, Gelver; Orduña Ortega, Julieth (Directora); Londoño, Luis Fernando (Director)Iron deficiency affects the world population and is the main cause of anemia, hence the importance of having crops, such as beans, which enhance food systems and meet the nutritional needs of the population. Therefore, the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) bean breeding program aims to increase the concentration of minerals such as iron through biofortification. However, there is an adverse effect, and that is due to crops containing chemical species that form coordination complexes, such as phytates, which are responsible for retaining minerals, thus reducing their bioavailability in the organism. Currently in the Nutritional Quality Laboratory (NQL), 7000 analyses are performed annually for the quantification of total phytates by UV-VIS spectrophotometry in bean flour matrices, presenting difficulty for the laboratory to perform not only this high number of analyses but also the other volumes of samples from other assays, Therefore, it is proposed to develop and evaluate an analytical tool that generates fast and reliable results in the analysis of total phytates in bean flour by means of a calibration curve that generates a prediction model using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). A total of 334 bean varieties were analyzed with proper sample preparation. Subsequently, the total phytate content was evaluated by the reference method by UV-VIS spectrophotometry and then the spectra were generated in NIRS. Calibration and validation of different prediction models was performed with RStudio, prospectr, pls and other packages. A calibration model was obtained with SNVD-SG 1,4,5,3 and PLS regression in the range of 400 nm to 2500 nm with a RSQ of 0.77, 1-VAR of 0.54, SEC of 1.54, SEP of 2.59 and RPD of 1.46 that has the potential to preliminarily classify between concentration levels the extensive volumes of samples in NQL at low cost and short time to the bean breeding program at CIAT.Item Optimización del proceso de extracción de pectina de cáscaras de piña empleando técnicas emergentes: Revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Garcia Idrobo, Daniel Eduardo; Suárez Osorio, Liseth (Director)Industrial food processing generates byproducts that are often discarded, resulting in significant economic and environmental impacts. Recycling is an efficient strategy to mitigate these problems, promote sustainable uses, and reincorporate bioactive compounds, such as pectin, present in plant materials like pineapple peels. This biopolymer has diverse applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics industries. However, its demand has driven the adoption of emerging extraction techniques due to the limitations of conventional methods in terms of efficiency and impact on quality. These techniques offer advantages due to their low energy consumption, higher yield, improved quality, and minimal or no generation of hazardous effluents. This systematic review addresses the use of response surface methodology to recover pectin from pineapple peels, employing emerging techniques such as microwave and ultrasound-assisted extraction, highlighting their efficiency, quality, and functionality, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each method. Thus, it will provide a solid foundation for future research and development initiatives by exposing strategies and optimization parameters reported in scientific literature.Item Aplicación de la técnica Espectroscopía Raman para la determinación de microplásticos en el agua potable(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Collazos Reina, Jhon Jairo; Morales Morales, Jimmy Alexander (Director)The presence of microplastics in the environment represents a chemical, environmental, and social issue that has been increasing over the past few decades. This monograph addresses this situation, focusing particularly on the detection of microplastics in tap and drinking water across various cities and countries, thus evidencing their presence in urban water systems worldwide. Special attention is given to the Raman spectroscopy technique and its variants (μRaman). This analytical method is selective and non-destructive, allowing for the efficient identification and quantification of various types of microplastics at microscopic and even nanometric scales. Due to its high sensitivity and specificity, this technique has become a key tool in the analysis of emerging pollutants, surpassing some limitations of other methodologies such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX). Several recent studies have reported varying concentrations of microplastics in drinking water samples using Raman spectroscopy as the method of identification. These results not only validate the effectiveness of the technique but also highlight the need to implement monitoring and control systems to prevent microplastics from entering water distribution networks. Although the presence of microplastics in drinking water has been widely documented, their specific effects on human health remain inconclusive. However, their persistence, bioaccumulation potential, and toxicity make their study a continued priority for the scientific community from a preventive perspective.Item Detección de drogas sintéticas en aguas residuales mediante espectrometría de masas de alta resolución (HRMS): Una revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Ospina Yepes, David Santiago; Ocampo Chaguendo, Denis Mauricio (Director)The objective of this systematic review was to analyze the application of high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) in the detection of synthetic drugs and new psychoactive substances (NPS) in wastewater. Through an exhaustive search in international databases (Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Springer and Taylor & Francis), 4,977 articles were initially identified, of which, after a rigorous selection process following PRISMA guidelines, 36 relevant studies were included. The results evidenced that cocaine, MDMA and amphetamines continue to be the most prevalent illicit substances detected in wastewater, although an emerging growth in the detection of synthetic cathinones such as 3-MMC and α-PVP was reported. It was observed that HRMS, through targeted, suspect and non-targeted screening strategies, allowed efficient identification of both known compounds and emerging substances. However, the lack of standardized quantitative data and the geographical concentration of studies in Europe and Oceania were highlighted as important limitations. These findings underscore the need to expand HRMS-based environmental monitoring to less studied regions and to establish more standardized analytical protocols to strengthen the epidemiological assessment of drug use globallyItem Implementación de una metodología potenciométrica como método alternativo al método general de la USP, para cuantificar aluminio y magnesio en un fármaco antiácido en suspensión(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Benavides Arango, Miguel Ángel; Ríos Acevedo, Jhon Jairo (Director); Castillo Palacios, Luis Esteban (Director)The increase in gastric diseases, associated with poor eating habits and unhealthy lifestyles, has generated a growing need for effective treatments. The use of antacids is common to alleviate these disorders, but the quality and composition of these medications are crucial for their efficacy and safety. This article focuses on the development and optimization of a potentiometric technique for the quantification of aluminum and magnesium, metals present in many commercial antacids. The complexometric quantification methodology cited by the USP was initially implemented, and both techniques were validated within a linear range of 50% to 150%. The titrant data obtained were proportional to the analytical concentration of both aluminum and magnesium. High-precision results were achieved with relative deviations of around 0.4%, which are <2.0% as established by the USP. The data were highly accurate, ranging from 99.5% to 100.5%. These findings are consistent with the declared quantities for antacids produced at Tecnoquímicas, representing a significant and traceable benefit for the quality control of these medications. The ability to accurately measure metal concentrations in antacids is essential to ensure their efficacy and safety, and the data obtained on linearity, precision, and accuracy reinforce the importance of these methods in the context of modern pharmacology.Item Síntesis y caracterización de nuevas hidrazonas derivadas de la vainillina con posible actividad biológica(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Barbetti Rondón, Valentina; Illicachi Romero, Luis Alberto (Director); Cuartas Granada, Viviana (Directora)In this study, a derivative of vanillin was synthesized through a condensation reaction with hydrazine hydrate, using absolute ethanol as the solvent and glacial acetic acid as the catalyst. The product obtained was a yellow solid with a yield of 85%, corresponding to an azine derivative of vanillin. This compound was characterized by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR). The spectra confirmed the formation of the imine bond (C=N), characteristic of azomethine structures, as well as the presence of aromatic and methoxy functional groups, thereby validating the successful synthesis of compound V2H1 with high purity and structural symmetry. Additionally, mass spectrometry (MS) analysis revealed a molecular ion [M]⁺ at m/z = 300 and a predominant fragment at m/z = 177, resulting from homolytic fragmentation that supports the proposed structure and provides detailed information on atomic connectivity. The pharmacokinetic properties of the compound were also evaluated using computational ADME analysis and the predictive BOILED-Egg model. The results showed that compound V2H1 complies with Lipinski’s rule of five and exhibits a favorable profile for oral absorption, with good water solubility and a high probability of gastrointestinal absorption without crossing the blood–brain barrier 4 (BBB). These findings reinforce the potential of vanillin as a precursor for obtaining bioactive derivatives with possible pharmacological applications.Item Análisis electroquímico de vitamina B1 con un electrodo de carbono vitreo modificado con Ni (II)(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Barona Burbano, Bryan; Castro Narváez, Sandra Patricia (Directora)Vitamin B1 (thiamine) is an essential nutrient that can be acquired through food intake; however, its deficiency can lead to diseases, which makes it necessary to have reliable and sensitive analytical methods. This research work enabled the development of an electrochemical sensor based on a glassy carbon electrode (GC) modified with nickel ions (Ni²⁺) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), which was used solely as a binding agent to attach the Ni²⁺ compound to the GC, without analyzing its electrochemical effect in this study. Measurements were carried out in phosphate buffer at different pH values. The electrode modification resulted in an increase in peak current. Studies related to the variation of the scan rate showed a decrease in oxidation potential, an increase in the heterogeneous rate constant of the oxidative process, and an increase in the diffusion coefficient (1.93×10−6 cm2⋅s −1) which indicate catalytic synergy from Ni(II). Consecutive repeatability and reproducibility analyses yielded variation coefficients below 1.78% and recovery percentages above 98% in the presence of potential interfering species such as potassium, chloride, sodium, acetate, phosphate ions, and molecules such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose. A detection limit of 0.1 µM and a quantification limit of 0.34 µM were obtained. The analysis of commercial samples of injectable medications, tablets, and syrup showed recovery percentages above 96.8%. Altogether, the results confirm that the GC/Ni²⁺-PVP electrode is an efficient, stable, and low-cost alternative for the electrochemical determination of thiamine, with applicability in the quality control of pharmaceutical products.Item Síntesis de hidrazonas derivadas de la vainillina como posibles agentes antimicrobianos(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Quiroga Campo, Michael Daniel; Illicachi Romero, Luis Alberto (Director); Cuartas Granada, Viviana (Directora)The compounds (E)-4-((2-(4-chlorophenyl)hydrazineylidene)methyl)-2-methoxyphenol (DQ1), (E)-4- ((2-(4-bromophenyl)hydrazineylidene)methyl)-2-methoxyphenol (DQ-2), and (E)-2- methoxy-4-((2-(4- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)hydrazineylidene)methyl)phenol (DQ-3) were synthesized via condensation reaction using ultrasound. The reaction was carried out over a period of 20 to 40 minutes at a controlled temperature of 30 °C, employing 4-hydroxy-3- methoxybenzaldehyde as the carbonyl component with a mixture of ethanol:water (2:1) in the presence of various aromatic hydrazine derivatives. This method enabled the formation of the corresponding hydrazones (DQ-1, 2,3), which were intended to undergo a subsequent alkylation reaction with 2-chloro-N,N-dimethylethylamine hydrochloride in N,Ndimethylformamide (DMF) as the reaction medium. The objective was to obtain functionalized derivatives, specifically (E)-2-(4-((2-(4-chlorophenyl)hydrazineylidene)methyl)-2- methoxyphenoxy)- N,N-dimethylethan-1-amine (DQ-4), (E)-2-(4-((2-(4- bromophenyl)hydrazineylidene)methyl)-2- methoxyphenoxy)-N,N-dimethylethan-1-amine (DQ-5), and (E)-2-(2-methoxy-4-((2-(4 (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)hydrazineylidene)methyl)phenoxy)-N,N-dimethylethan-1-amine (DQ6). However, analysis of the reaction products revealed that the expected alkylated compounds were not successfully obtained, that suggests the alkylation reaction may have followed an alternative pathway or did not proceed efficiently, possibly due to various chemical or experimental factors. In particular, the acidic environment generated by the hydrochloride form of the alkylating agent may have promoted the formation of undesirable by-products, owing to the susceptibility of the compounds to suffer side reactions under protonated conditions.Item Determinación simultánea de Acetaminofén y Levofloxacina usando un electrodo modificado con carbón vegetal y nanopartículas ecológicas de Óxido de hierro y Lantano(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Montilla Martinez, Sebastian; Morales Morales, Jimmy Alexander (Director)In this study, an electrochemical sensor was designed and evaluated, modified with environmentally low-impact materials and aimed at the simultaneous detection of two highly relevant pharmaceutical contaminants: acetaminophen (AC) and levofloxacin (LE). For this purpose, a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was doped with a combined suspension of lanthanum ferrite (LaFeO₃) nanoparticles and activated vegetal carbon, both synthesized through a green synthesis process using molasses as an organic fuel, promoting an eco-friendly and cost-effective production pathway. The modification was performed using the drop-casting technique, applying 8 µL of the activated suspension (1:1 ratio), previously dispersed via ultrasonication. The electroanalytical performance of the system was characterized using cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The modified electrode exhibited a well-defined voltammetric response, with two distinct, non-overlapping anodic peaks, confirming the feasibility of simultaneous and selective detection of both analytes under optimal conditions at pH 5. A linear response was achieved in the 20–60 µM range (R² = 0.966), with limits of detection and quantification of 9.20 µM and 27.88 µM, respectively. The analysis of peak current (Ip) versus the square root of the scan rate (√v) revealed a diffusion-controlled mass transport mechanism. Furthermore, the system showed a significant reduction in charge transfer resistance (Rct ≈ 27.7 kΩ) and an improvement in interfacial capacitance, attributed to the electrocatalytic synergy between the metal oxide and the carbonaceous support. The sensor demonstrated good repeatability (RSD < 10%) and operational stability up to 12 hours, with a signal loss of less than 14%, establishing it as a technically robust, reproducible, and environmentally sustainable alternative. These findings highlight the feasibility of employing eco-friendly materials and accessible fabrication techniques for the development of electrochemical sensing platforms, with promising applications in environmental monitoring, pharmaceutical analysis, and contaminated effluent assessment.Item Avances en el uso de espectroscopia NIR en el análisis como tecnología analítica para controles en proceso en tiempo real de la fabricación de formas farmacéuticas sólidas: Review(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Diaz Garces, Oscar Andres; Orduña Ortega, Julieth (Directora)Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is currently the fastest growing and most versatile analytical method not only in pharmaceutical sciences but also in industry. Furthermore, new regulatory guidelines have driven the increased use of NIR technologies. The non-destructive and non-invasive nature of the measurements makes NIR a powerful tool in the characterization of pharmaceutical solids. These benefits, among others, often make NIR advantageous over traditional analytical methods. This review focuses on recent applications of NIR in pharmaceutical technology, covering the monitoring, by NIR, of many manufacturing processes, such as granulation, mixing or drying, in order to determine the end point of these processes and the determination of the quality and quantity of pharmaceutical compounds.Item Estudio de la degradación fotocatalítica de contaminantes emergentes farmacéuticos por nanopartículas ecológicas de Perovskita(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Bonilla Caicedo, Leidy Johanna; Morales Morales, Jimmy Alexander (Director)This study investigates the ultrasound-assisted synthesis of lanthanum ferrite (LaFeO) nanoparticles using molasses as a carbon matrix, which improves the dispersion of the material and its photocatalytic performance. A visible light lamp with a wavelength between 190 and 1100 nm was used to activate the photocatalytic properties, resulting in a material yield percentage assisted by ultrasound of 52.38% and assisted by mechanical stirring of 56.49%. In aqueous solutions of acetaminophen at a concentration of 70 ppm, 25% was obtained, at 20 ppm 33%, and at 50 ppm 72% degradation. The characterization of the nanoparticles revealed an orthorhombic crystalline phase of LaFeO, thus promoting the effectiveness of the photocatalyst. The use of the carbon matrix not only optimizes the catalyst surface but also improves its stability under different pH and catalyst loading conditions. Ultrasound assistance during synthesis resulted in a more uniform structure and improved photodegradation of the emerging contaminant. This innovative approach, utilizing an industrial waste product for nanoparticle synthesis, not only seeks to offer an effective solution for treating contaminated water but also presents a sustainable alternative for waste management. This work represents a significant advance in the development of more effective technologies to address emerging environmental contamination.Item Review: Avances en la aplicación de la espectroscopia de infrarrojo cercano (NIR) en la evaluación de propiedades de alimentos cárnicos(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Castro Buitrón, Maricel Jhohanna; Rios Acevedo, Jhon Jairo (Director)Near-infrared spectroscopy is profoundly transforming quality control in the meat industry, as demonstrated by the 56 studies analyzed in our review. The results are truly remarkable: this technology not only measures product composition with extraordinary precision (R² above 0.92), but also detects adulterations as small as 5%, verifies origin, and enables real-time process monitoring. The case studies from Spain, Argentina, and Uruguay reveal concrete achievements: reduced waste and significantly greater consistency in final products. While the challenge of heterogeneity inherent to meat tissues persists, making universal calibrations difficult, continuous advances in miniaturization, data processing, and integration with automated systems are constantly expanding its field of application, making this technology accessible even to small producers. NIR is emerging as an indispensable tool in a sector where transparency, efficiency, and quality assurance constitute increasingly decisive competitive factors, establishing new analytical standards that respond to the growing demands of both consumers and regulatory agencies.Item Evaluación de la espectroscopía de infrarrojo cercano (NIRS) como método secundario para la detección de adulteraciones en aceite de oliva, integrando técnicas de aprendizaje automático(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Hernández Díaz, Richard Yesid; Morales Morales, Jimmy (Director)Olive oil adulteration has been a recurring problem affecting its authenticity and quality, generating negative impacts on the food industry and consumer confidence. In this study, the effectiveness of nearinfrared spectroscopy (NIRS) as a secondary method for detecting adulterations in olive oil was evaluated, integrating machine learning techniques. To this end, a systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA methodology, selecting articles from indexed databases that addressed the application of NIRS in identifying fraud in edible oils. Various machine learning-based modeling approaches were analyzed, including multivariate regression, discriminant analysis, and neural networks. 3 The results indicated that combining NIRS with machine learning algorithms improved the accuracy and efficiency of adulteration detection compared to traditional analytical methods. In particular, the supervised models were able to identify specific spectral patterns with high sensitivity and specificity. It was concluded that the implementation of NIRS, together with advanced modeling techniques, represents a viable, rapid and economically accessible alternative for the quality control of olive oil, reducing dependence on conventional chromatographic methods.