Química
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Item Identificación de compuestos volátiles por medio de cromatografía de gases acoplada a masas aplicado en la producción de cerveza(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2022) Osorio Rengifo, Juan Fernando; López Parra, Lizbeth Lorena (Directora)Volatile compounds were identified in three different beers prepared by using the home brewing technique, which in turn include the formulation of different types of hops. Consequently, analytical techniques were applied to more effectively determine their sensory profile. Likewise, techniques were used to obtain these volatile compounds through a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The hops samples were: Amarillo, Loral and East Kent Golding's. Structures of some molecules of each sample were obtained. Finally, by means of a survey, the sensory profile was verified by 10 trained panelists. Common profiles with floral and herbal notes were found, as well as specific notes to each sample.Item Síntesis, caracterización y evaluación antimicrobiana del ligante N-bencil(1,4-fluorbencil) ditiocarbamato coordinado a Co(III)(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2021) Becerra Aguirre, Nalley Alejandra; D'vries Arturo, Richard Fernando (Director); Flórez López, Edwin (Director)In this research work, the synthesis and characterization of the secondary amine N-benzyl (1,4-fluorobenzyl) amine was carried out, which was obtained by the condensation of 4-fluorbenzylamine and benzaldehyde. The formation of this was verified by FIT-IR, where the main bands of a secondary amine could be evidenced. It was also characterized by mass spectrometry which confirmed the mass of the molecular ion. In the same way, the in situ synthesis of the Co (III) coordination compound and the N-benzyl (1,4-fluorobenzyl) dithiocarbamate ligand was carried out, using the aforementioned amine and CS2 as precursor. This coordination compound was characterized by different spectroscopic techniques such as: FT-IR, through which it was possible to confirm the bidentate coordination mode for the S-M-S bond, UV-Vis in solution with which it was determined that the compound is field strong, with an octahedral geometry and thermal analysis (TGA-DSC) which allowed to determine the molecular formula of the coordination compound [Co(DTC)3]•(H2O)2. Finally, microbial inhibition tests were carried out, which allowed to know the inhibition capacity of the coordination compound against bacteria of the genus Mycobacterium using the microtiter test with resarzurin. Through the test, it was possible to determine that the compound has low inhibitory activity against bacteria such as M. smegmatis.Item Evaluación físico-mecánica de nanocompuestos base de arcillas catiónicas contenidas en almidón termoplástico (TPS)(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2021) Adames Paredes, Yicel Dayana; Caicedo Cano, Carolina (Directora); Calambás, Heidy Lorena (Codirectora)The objective of this work was to produce films of polymeric bionanocomposites based on thermoplastic starch / polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and nanoclays in order to evaluate the influence on the physicomechanical properties by adding different proportions of nanoclays in the presence of ultrasound and their respective targets. Biofilms were prepared using the solvent-casting method and characterized by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis, mechanical analysis, contact angle and scanning electron microscopy. In the FTIR spectra, characteristic bands of the mixture of thermoplastic starch and polyvinyl alcohol (SP / PVA) and functional groups that show the interaction with nanoclays were observed. An improvement in the thermal stability of the starch was also observed with the incorporation of clay by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and an increase in the gelatinization temperatures of the biofilms was evidenced in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results of the stress analysis showed increases in the values of maximum resistance and Young's modulus for the sample SP-1.0-NC-S, due to the reinforcing effect generated by the nanoclay on the mechanical properties of the biofilms. Surface analysis related to wettability, using the sessile drop technique, showed a proportional increase in the contact angle values with the nanoclay content. This shows a decrease in the hydrophilicity of biofilms against water. The morphological properties were characterized by Differential Scanning Microscopy (SEM), confirming a good dispersion of the nanoclay on the biopolymer matrix (SP / PVA) due to the influence of ultrasound. These results demonstrate that nanoclays are promising nanofillers to improve the properties of TPS / PVA-based blends, and constitute a new green material for potential application in the packaging sector.Item Validación de una metodología analítica para la valoración de la materia prima Deflazacort (DFZ) e identificación de su Impureza 21-Desacetil Deflazacort, con estudio cinético de degradación de DFZ por HPLC(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Osorio Pelayo, Juan David; Chamorro Rengifo, Andrés Felipe (Director); Lara Mercado, Eder José (Director)The production of drugs requires a rigorous guarantee of the drug concentration and the precise identification of its impurities. This research validates the analytical methodology for the titration of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) deflazacort, a raw material used in the formulation of tablets and oral suspensions for the treatment of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD). The main objective of this work was to validate a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method to quantify Deflazacort and identify its impurity, 21-Desacetyl Deflazacort, as well as to evaluate the degradation kinetics of PFA under various physicochemical conditions. The methodology employed included the use of a photodiode array detector (DMF) at a wavelength of 254 nm, and a Luna C18 column (250 mm x 4,6 mm x 5 µm). The results showed linearity with a correlation coefficient R2 = 0,999. The precision of the system showed a coefficient of variation of less than 2,0 % RSD, and in the intermediate precision between analysts a % RSD of 0,7 % was obtained. The accuracy yielded a recovery rate of 100,1 %. The method is selective and precise, a degradation with acid hydrolysis of 8,1 % was evidenced, with H2O2, 2,1 %, with ultraviolet light 1,8 % and thermolysis 1,8 %, but only in basic conditions. Regarding the degradation kinetics of PFA Deflazacort, it was observed that the basic hydrolysis follows a first order kinetics with 97,1 % degradation, generating the impurity 21-Desacetyl Deflazacort, this degradation product was successfully identified by comparing absorption spectra at a wavelength of 245 nm with the USP standard impurity 21-Desacetyl Deflazacort. In conclusion, the validated analytical methodology is linear, precise, accurate and robust, complying with the parameters established by the USP.Item Extracción de tocoferoles y tocotrienoles de los ácidos grasos destilados de palma utilizando solventes eutécticos profundos(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Escobar Maca, Maicol Estefano; Tusso Pinzón, Ricardo Andrés (Director); Cadena Rayo, Milton Rene (Director)In this study, the extraction of vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols) from distilled palm fatty acids (DPFA) was investigated using deep eutectic solvents (DESs). Two types of DES were used: choline chloride–p-cresol (DES1) and choline chloride–acetic acid (DES-2), prepared at 60 ºC with constant stirring and in molar ratios of 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 for each case. The DES and DPFA mixtures were centrifuged, and the DES phases were decanted. They were then mixed with 10 mL of hexane and centrifuged again to separate the hexane phase from the DES phase. The hexane phase was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with a UV detector at 290 nm (HPLC-UV), together with the DES and DPFA phases. The highest extraction percentage, 78.95%, was obtained with DES-1 in a molar ratio of 1:3, while the highest purity, 35.37%, was achieved with DES-1 in a molar ratio of 1:2.Item Implementación del sistema integrado ISO 22000:2018 sobre los niveles de inocuidad en una industria alimentaria del Valle del Cauca(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Ocampo Giraldo, Luisa Fernanda; Viveros Ríos, Valentina; Ríos Acevedo, Jhon Jairo (Director); Paredes Arango, Juan Carlos (Director)An ISO 22000:2018 Integrated System was implemented in all processes of the Agroindustrial Company Lasenor Andina S.A.S, with the aim of improving food safety and organizational performance. This process focused on establishing quality objectives, measured by indicators, and developing a strategic plan that considered the context of the organization, its opportunities and risks, as well as the needs and expectations of stakeholders. The implementation was carried out through several stages. First, an initial assessment was carried out to determine the current status of the organization in relation to the requirements of the ISO 22000:2018 standard, thus establishing a starting point. Then, a strategic plan based on the PDCA (Plan, Do, Check and Act) cycle methodology was designed to guide the implementation. Quality objectives aligned with the organization's quality policy were defined and management indicators were used to monitor compliance. In addition, the processes were characterized using the PDCA cycle, validating the inputs and outputs and determining indicators for continuous improvement. A detailed analysis was also carried out in accordance with the requirements established in standards such as NTC ISO22002:2019 and FSSC 22000. The results obtained were significant: all specific objectives and regulatory requirements established in the work plan were met. This resulted in an improvement in food safety, increasing confidence in product safety. Human development was promoted through the training of internal and external staff on the principles and requirements of the standard, fostering a quality-oriented organizational culture. In addition, processes were optimized, leading to a reduction in operating costs and an improvement in competitiveness. Finally, sustainable practices were established that ensure favorable long-term results. The system not only met regulatory requirements, but also laid the foundation for continuous improvement and sustainable development within the organization.Item Validación de metodología analítica para la estimación del grado de pureza de fosfato de calcio dibásico anhidro y fosfato de sodio dibásico anhidro, utilizadas como excipientes de productos farmacéuticos(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Diaz Victoria, Danny; Tusso Pinzón, Ricardo Andrés (Director)The pharmaceutical industry in its constant evolution has developed different formulations, making it necessary to have a great variety of excipients, including inorganic phosphate salts, and since this type of industry requires quality controls that ensure the reliability of the medicine, it is of utmost importance to use appropriate methodologies to evaluate the physical-chemical properties of the excipients. Thus, the objective of this work is to review the performance of a UV-Vis spectrophotometry analysis method to estimate the degree of purity in anhydrous dibasic calcium phosphate and anhydrous dibasic sodium phosphate. To do this, linearity, precision, accuracy, specificity, and robustness are verified. It turns out to be selective for both inorganic salts, linear between 10 ppm and 15 ppm in orthophosphate, with repeatability (%RSD=0.22%), intermediate precision (%CV=0.36%) and accuracy (%recovery=100.5%) acceptable against the USP requirements, together with resistance to different deliberate changes during routine analytical work.Item Determinación de parabenos en aguas residuales mediante extracción por sorción en disco rotatorio (RDSE) y cromatografía liquida(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Ortiz Osorio, Fernanda; López Chávez, Paula Andrea; Ríos Acevedo, Jhon Jairo (Director)The present thesis was carried out to develop an eco-friendly and efficient technology based on rotary disk sorption extraction (RDSE) and liquid chromatography of 4 parabens such as methylparaben (MeP), ethylparaben (EtP), propylparaben (PrP) and butylparaben (BuP), chemical compounds that pose a silent environmental threat in the environment, or also known as emerging contaminants (EC). Six variables were studied, such as sample volume, extraction time, extraction temperature, stirring speed, desorption solvent, desorption time; to achieve an optimization of RDSE conditions. The detection limits of the methods ranged from 0.045 mg/mL to 0.089 mg/mL and the quantification limits ranged from 0.15 mg/mL to 0.30 mg/mL; as for their recovery percentage, they ranged from 66.6% to 76.3%, which leads to a methodology with reproducible, accurate and precise data. Finally, the determination of the presence of parabens in hospital wastewater from the city of Manizales-Colombia was carried out, and only methylparaben and propylparaben were found to be present.Item Síntesis verde de nanopartículas de óxidos de hierro a partir de extracto de residuos agroindustriales y caracterización de sus propiedades estructurales y anticorrosivas(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Avendaño Vargas, Alvaro José; Morales Morales, Jimmy Alexander (Director)This thesis presents green synthesis as a sustainable and environmentally friendly method for obtaining nickelcopper ferrite nanoparticles (Ni(1-x)CuxFe2O4) (x=0, 0.5, 1), using coffee pulp extract, the main agro-industrial waste from coffee processing (Coffea arabica), as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthesis employed two drying methods: on a hot plate (method 1) and in a microwave oven (method 2), comparing them to determine the optimal method. The main objective was to characterize the structural properties of the nanoparticles using IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and X-ray diffraction. The structural properties of the nanoparticles were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), showing the formation of tetragonal and cubic crystal systems, with crystallite sizes ranging from 25 nm to 114 nm. FT-IR spectra showed characteristic absorption bands of metal-oxygen bonds in tetrahedral positions for Fe-O bonds and octahedral positions for Cu-O and Ni-O bonds, confirming the absence of biomolecules from the coffee pulp extract and demonstrating the quality of the synthesis. TGA analyses revealed that the samples dried on a hot plate showed more significant mass losses compared to those dried in a microwave oven, suggesting that the slower drying method produces a more porous structure with more defects, retaining more moisture or solvents. All samples exhibited a single exothermic peak in DSC, with a maximum between 460°C and 490°C depending on the ferrite, indicating a phase transition or structural reordering. In conclusion, the results demonstrate the viability of this green method, highlighting its potential application in various industrial and environmental areas. Green synthesis ensures nanoparticles with adequate structural and morphological properties, emphasizing its relevance in the development of sustainable materials.Item Obtención y caracterización de película a partir de almidón reforzado con nanoarcillas(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Criollo Guevara, Heidy Tatiana; Ocoró Caicedo, Lis Vanesa; Ríos Acevedo, Jhon Jairo (Director); Guancha Chalapud, Marcelo Alexander (Director)The growing concern about the environmental impact of conventional plastics has driven the need to develop biodegradable packaging materials. In this context, natural polymers, such as starch, emerge as sustainable alternatives. Commercial montmorillonite used as a reinforcing nanomaterial allows to improve the properties of biodegradable materials. In this study, commercial cassava starch was used, plasticized with water and 35% glycerol, and reinforced with 2% and 4% commercial clay to obtain films. The manufacturing process included the extrusion technique, which allowed to evaluate the effectiveness of the reinforcement in improving the mechanical and functional characteristics of the films produced. Three films were developed from commercial cassava starch, the optimal concentration of different glycerol concentrations for processing was determined, evaluating the thermal and rheological properties. These films were subjected to a thorough analysis using international standard techniques, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and morphological analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Among the aspects evaluated was water vapor permeability (WVTR), determined using the ASTM F1249-20 method. The results showed that a higher clay content in the films favored moisture retention, which in turn increased their barrier property. As for the results obtained from the mechanical tests under ASTM D882 and ASTM D1922, the film with the highest percentage of clay P-NA- 4% obtained tensile strength values of 0.23 ± 0.02 MPa and 66.90 ± 4.85 % deformation while P and P-NA- 2% obtained lower values with respect to the properties evaluated, the same was observed in the determination of the contact and tear angle with values 89.93 ° ± 8.78 of 0.740 kg ± 0.009 kg and respectively, finally a film with very good water vapor barrier of 0.003 g / m2.day ± 0.011 was obtained.Item Caracterización termoquímica de bagazo de caña para aplicaciones energéticas en el Valle del Cauca(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Fajardo Echeverri, Pablo Cesar; Tusso Pinzón, Ricardo Andrés (Director)In Valle del Cauca, sugar mills generate substantial volumes of sugarcane bagasse, primarily used in energy cogeneration and paper production. This study focused on the thermochemical characterization of three bagasse species through proximate and elemental analyses, employing ISO UNE-EN biomass standards and ASTM norms for comparison. The methodology included thermogravimetric, calorimetric, and elemental analysis to determine the thermal profile of bagasse, evaluating differences between both standards. The results show that European ISO standards provide more detailed and specific data for biomass, while the ASTM standard, developed for mineral coal, has precision limitations for this matrix. It is concluded that the adaptation of specific biomass standards would allow a more suitable characterization of sugarcane bagasse, enhancing its efficient use within the context of the national energy transition.Item Caracterización y evaluación de la calidad del licor negro como biocombustible, obtenido de cocimientos kraft de eucalipto y pino(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Casanova Granada, Néstor Julián; Riascos Burbano, Daniel Elías; Tusso Pinzón, Ricardo Andrés (Director); Bastidas Cortes, Juan Carlos (Director)The black liquor obtained as a by-product of Kraft cooking (pulp obtained by the sulfate process) was used in the manufacture of cellulose pulp. This was because it was used as a biofuel and was part of an essential stage in the recovery and causticization system in the paper industry, which focused on chemical recovery by taking advantage of thermal energy production. The variation in the process conditions in paper production, as well as in the raw material (wood and white liquor), affected the quality of the black liquor generated, thus altering the chemical recovery of the liquor and the generation of thermal energy from it, which was characterized by the presence of suspended solids and organic matter, which gave it non-Newtonian fluid viscosity characteristics. Therefore, by means of residual alkali studies, measurement of the percentage of organic and inorganic material through sulfated ash analysis, viscosity estimation and calorific value measurement, it was determined the affectation of the quality of the black liquor as a function of the sulfidity of the white liquor (LB) in the generation of thermal energy (Gen. E) reported in BTU/Lb.Item Caracterización química y evaluación de un esquema tecnológico para la obtención de compuestos bioactivos de la cáscara de banano en dos estados de maduración(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Rodallega Rodallega, Esperanza; Álvarez Álvarez, Derly Natalia; Suarez Osorio, Liseth (Directora); Tusso Pinzón, Ricardo Andrés (Director)Bananas are a high-yielding crop that generates a wide variety of by-products, most notably the peels, which, depending on their bromatological characteristics, can have a variety of industrial and food applications. Likewise, phenolic compounds and flavonoids, which are common biological substances in nature, are used to treat cardiovascular problems and other pathologies associated with radical oxidation. In this research, the chemical characterization and evaluation of a technological scheme for obtaining these compounds in banana peel was carried out. This was done first by determining the percentage yield, taking into account the ripening stage, temperature, extraction time and solvent concentration. After this, a phytochemical march of the extract was developed, followed by the quantification of phenols and flavonoids by ultraviolet visible spectroscopy, the determination of the antioxidant capacity by the DPPH method, the identification of compounds by infrared spectroscopy and the evaluation of a technological scheme for obtaining phenolic compounds by means of Aspen Plus. As results, it was obtained that the most effective extraction was with 50% industrial ethanol at 50 ºC and 30 minutes of extraction, for the mature peel a percentage yield of 37% was obtained and in the green peel it was 9.78%, also, the content of total phenols was 59,590 EAG/L in the mature peel and 49,291 EAG/L in the green peel, with concentrations of flavonoids of 296 ppm and 40 ppm, respectively. On the other hand, the functional groups identified in the infrared spectrum are related to flavonoids of the flavonol type, which is estimated to be a galactocatechin, requiring 2.8 ppm of extract to inhibit 50% of the free radicals of DPPH. In addition, the aspen pluss simulation shows that the extraction of the compounds is not economically feasible.Item Validación de limpieza del área de volúmenes bajos 2 en una industria farmacéutica del Valle del Caucа(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Orejuela Salcedo, Stefania; Castro Narváez, Sandra Patricia (Directora)Ensuring the cleanliness of equipment in the veterinary pharmaceutical industry is a priority, since improper handling can generate incompatibilities between drugs. This study contributes to the cleaning validation activities in the low volume session of a pharmaceutical company. To this end, a risk analysis was initially carried out by the effect and failure methods (AMEF) using the 6M (Manpower, Measurement, Machinery, Method, Environment and Material). Subsequently, the compound categorized as the “worst case” was weighted to the active Meloxicam, giving an acceptable residue limit (ARL) of 1.5 ppm. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) allowed separation and quantification of meloxicam in a retention time of 5.3 min. Linearity was evaluated at 5 points from 40 to 140% obtaining a correlation coefficient of 0.9991, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.0602 ppm and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.182 ppm. Accuracy exhibited a %RSDp of 1.4%, accuracy with three different concentrations at 60%, 100% and 140%, allowed recovery percentages between 99.5 to 103.4%. Meloxicam exhibited greater stability at 4°C over a period of 84h. The implementation of the cleaning protocol in the low volume session established that no rejections or alerts were observed, consolidating the cleaning practices as an assertive method in the prevention of cross-contamination with other products.Item Microextracción en fase sólida (MEFS) como alternativa a la extracción por QuEChERS para la determinación de plaguicidas en frutos tropicales como la piña: Revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Calderón Cubillos, Evelin Marcela; Ríos Acevedo, Jhon Jairo (Director); Gutiérrez Moreno, Nini Johanna (Directora)This study focuses on the detection of pesticide residues in tropical fruits, an aspect of great relevance for food safety, highlighting the importance of implementing alternative detection methods. The aim was to evaluate solid-phase microextraction (SPME) as a viable and efficient alternative to the QuEChERS method (“quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe”), traditionally used for pesticide determination. For this purpose, a systematic review of scientific literature published during the last 7 years was conducted, using the Prisma approach (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses) for the identification, selection, and analysis of the most relevant studies. The results showed that SPME offers greater sensitivity and precision in the determination of pesticides, especially in complex matrices such as tropical fruits, while reducing environmental impact by minimizing the use of solvents. However, QuEChERS proved to be more efficient in terms of time and cost, making it suitable for routine analysis in laboratories with a high volume of samples. In conclusion, both methods have advantages depending on the context and specific needs of the analysis, suggesting that the choice between SPME and QuEChERS should be based on analytical requirements, environmental impact, and available resources.Item Nanorecubrimientos de Ti y Ag como bactericida o bacteriostático contra Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus y Salmonella tiphy para stents gastrointestinales(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Perea Agredo, Valentina; Saltaren Garzón, Luz Rene; Bermeo Acosta, Franklin Armando (Director)Bacterial multi-resistance, which has caused around 11,000 deaths per year, as reported by the WHO, with percentages between 20-30% attributable to implant-associated infections, either due to device migration or colonization by pathogens, is also aggravated by the decrease in the synthesis of antibiotics. Therefore, it is pertinent to address this problem by applying nanotechnology as a key strategy to mitigate the shortage of antibiotics. This nanoscale technology allows the development of innovative coatings, such as Ti/Ag, which optimize antibacterial properties through the release of silver ions. This not only improves the effectiveness of treatments, but also prevents the adhesion of bacteria to medical devices, which is important for patient safety. In this research, the inhibitory effect of Ti/Ag nanocoatings with different titanium thicknesses in nm and a fixed silver thickness of 90 nm was evaluated. The compositions were Ti90-Ag90, Ti180-Ag90, Ti270-Ag90, Ti360-Ag90 and Ti810-Ag90, respectively. Thin films of pure Ti, pure Ag and the reference control, which is glass, were also evaluated to detect which thickness represents the best antibacterial activity against bacteria such as Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus and Salmonella typhi, for the creation of future gastrointestinal stents as implants. At the Universidad del Valle, the thin films were structurally characterized, confirming the presence of silver and 6 titanium. In addition, the roughness and uniformity of the coating surface were morphologically analyzed. In the laboratory of the Santiago de Cali University, the coatings were subjected to triplicate bacterial growth tests adjusted to the McFarland scale, the results obtained demonstrated that the Ti/Ag thin films with Ti thicknesses of 90 nm, 180 nm, 270 nm, 360 nm and pure silver had antibacterial activity.Item Modelos termodinámicos para determinar la actividad del agua en jaleas: una revisión(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Aguilar Fory, Yoselin; Tusso Pinzón, Ricardo Andrés (Director)The aqueous activity (aw) in food is one of the factors that directly affect the quality and presentation, due to its close relationship with microbial activity, mainly fruit jellies. In this sense, measuring instruments allow accurate assessment of aw, for example hygrometric sensors. However, the high cost of these devices has restricted small producers to evaluate and control aw in their products, and thus to market access. According to this, thermodynamic models are an alternative to estimate aw, without resorting to high-cost devices. This paper will present a systematic review of these models, to understand how these thermodynamic equations can be used in the estimation of aqueous activity in jellies.Item Avances en las aplicaciones de espectroscopía de infrarrojo cercano (NIRS) en el análisis de los parámetros de calidad de la cerveza: Revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Posada Cabrera, Javier Mauricio; Illicachi Romero, Luis Alberto (Director)In the review of beer quality management, the complexity and resources required to assess its components, such as alcohol, phenols, pH, sugars, amino acids, gases, colour, and turbidity, are addressed. Integrating physicochemical, microbiological, sensory, and spectroscopic methods is effective and efficient. Among the spectroscopic techniques, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) stands out for its ability to measure multiple components quickly and non-destructively. Studies have demonstrated its effectiveness in precisely determining alcohol and other fermented compounds, reducing the reliance on slower and more expensive traditional methods. NIRS is used at different stages of the brewing process and allows for real-time monitoring that facilitates production adjustments. Experiments have validated its applicability in evaluating specific components in complex fermentations. Furthermore, the combination of NIRS with artificial intelligence and machine learning models has enhanced its precision, enabling early fault detection and optimization of the fermentation process.Item Aplicación de la espectroscopia en el infrarrojo cercano (NIRS), en el análisis de aceites esenciales para aplicación industrial (cosmética y farmacéutica): Revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Vasquez Obando, Sergio; Orduña Ortega, Julieth (Directora); Vargas, Yaneth (Directora)This review presents the application of Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) in the analysis of essential oils, specifically in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical and phytotherapeutic industries. This is a vibrational technique that uses light in the range of 780 to 2500 nm, allowing the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of biological samples. Among the most notable advantages are the minimal sample preparation and the ability to perform rapid and noninvasive analysis, however, the low sensitivity and complexity in the interpretation of spectra is a major disadvantage. The article highlights the use of NIR in quality control and in determining the chemical composition of essential oils, which are obtained by various extraction methods. The NIR technique is effective in identifying the purity and taxonomy of essential oils and in quantifying specific compounds such as terpenes. The present review also mentions the growing interest in essential oils due to their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, and their use in natural and safe products compared to synthetic antioxidants. In the pharmaceutical industry, NIR could be used in the analysis of compounds in the pharmaceutical industry, while in the cosmetic industry, it could verify lipid oxidation and emulsion quality. NIR spectroscopy is a great tool in the analysis of essential oils, as it offers an efficient and accurate method to ensure the quality and safety of products in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.Item Drones adaptados con sensores SVM (NIRS) para la caracterización rápida de suelos en caña de azúcar, una revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Muñoz Varela, Dylan Alejandro; Orduña Ortega, Julieth (Directora)The need for robust, fast and accurate soil analysis using artificial intelligence (AI) technology presents a promising future for sustainable agricultural practices and efficient management of natural resources). Under this premise this article examines how advanced technologies, specifically drones and artificial intelligence (AI), are revolutionizing agriculture, with a particular focus on sugarcane production. The main objective is to analyze the effectiveness of these technologies in improving accuracy and efficiency in crop management. The methodology employed consisted of a documentary review of relevant literature on the use of drones in precision agriculture, with a qualitative focus on soil characterization and crop monitoring. A detailed analysis of two specific drone models, the DJI Inspire 2 and the DJI Phantom 4 RTK, was conducted, evaluating their applications, advantages and limitations in the agricultural context. The results revealed that the DJI Phantom 4 RTK provides accurate data for crop gap identification and plant health assessment, while the DJI Inspire 2, while useful for dynamic captures, has limitations in flight time and range. Furthermore, the integration of AI techniques and advanced sensors (NIRS,) such as Support Vector Machines (SVM), GNSS RTK sensor shows great potential to improve soil characterization and optimize agricultural management. In conclusion, the combination of drones and advanced technologies enables more accurate and sustainable agriculture, facilitating informed decision making and efficient resource management.