Maestría en Química Industrial
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Item Sintesis y caracterización de alquilglucosido a partir de sacha inchi y glucosa asistido por microondas(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2022-12-02) Carvajal Ruiz, Uberney; Grisales, Víctor Hugo; Caicedo Cano, Caicedo CanoA study on the production of an alkylglucoside type non-ionic surfactant is presented using microwaves at a power of 200 W with times of 10, 20 and 30 min and a temperature of 70 °C, the raw materials used for this reaction were sacha oil inchi and glucose, paratoluenesulfonic acid was used as catalyst. The characterizations of the respective products were carried out with fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and residual glucose quantification by means of the colorimetric method of spectrometry by reaction with Antrona. Positive results were obtained from the reaction, resulting in an amount of product equivalent to 24% by weight obtained.Item Perfilamiento químico y análisis multivariado de muestras de heroína incautadas en la ciudad de Cúcuta(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2022-11-25) Ardila Antolines, Jhon Alexander; Osorio Grisales, JaiverChemical profiling was carried out on ninety-one heroin samples seized at various points in the city of Cúcuta (Colombia), in the period between January 2018 and July 2021. Using gas chromatography with a mass selective detector (GC-MS), it was possible to identify morphine, acetylcodeine, 6- monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM) and papaverine as residual alkaloids. The adulterants present were also determined, identifying phenacetin, cocaine, diltiazem and caffeine, the latter present in 93% of the heroin samples. On the other hand, the quantification shows a trend towards heroin samples with purity between 31% and 50%, respectively. Infrared spectroscopy was used to identify the chemical form and determine other components (diluents) present in the samples. 93% of the samples correspond to heroin hydrochloride and in 9% of the sample’s lactose was identified as a diluent. After profiling, the data of each compound was processed to be analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) using SPSS software in order to determine if the analyzed samples shared production and traffic sources in common. The PCA grouped the samples related to the alkaloids present, in four different groups of production. With regard to adulterants, three possible different distribution groups are deduced from the PCA.Item Optimización de la Electrogeneración de Oxidantes Mixtos en la planta de potabilización Rio Nima(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2022-07-09) García Zúñiga, Jaime; Castro, Sandra PatriciaThe study of causes and effects of parameters affecting the electrogeneration of mixed oxidants (MOS) in an aqueduct is presented. Variables such as inlet water quality, brine concentration, brine pump voltage and current at constant cell temperature and voltage were the object of intervention. By homogenizing and standardizing the minimum brine saturation concentration that feeds the process to 31.7% through monitoring of correlating variables such as density and refractometry, MOS production was increased to concentrations higher than 4800 mg/L with low variation percentages of 2.7%, reducing salt consumption costs by more than 19 million COP per year and contributing to the operational organizational culture of the process. The automation of the electrogeneration and storage of MOS allows for suitable dosing of chlorination in the potabilization of water, guaranteeing IRCA risk scores of 0%.Item Caracterización de la fibra larga y corta en variedades comerciales de caña de azúcar y su impacto en el proceso fabril(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2021-12-04) Polanco Banderas, Roosembert; Larrahondo, Jesús Eliecer; Zambrano, Yesid FabiánThe long fiber / short fiber ratio is used as a characteristic of milling ease of sugar cane in the sugar process. This relationship is carried out by different methods, among which is the mechanical separation of the two main components of the sugarcane fiber called hard fiber (or long) and "pith" (short fiber), after wet digestion in a "Jeffco" type blaster. Different varieties of sugarcane were evaluated considering the content of foreign matter; total fiber content in cane; agro-ecological zones and were associated with observations or problems found in the milling. The relationship between the long fiber and the "pith" (short fiber) determined in this work varies between 0.4 to 1.2, which, is presented as a useful indicator to predict the ease of preparation and milling of new varieties of sugar cane.Item Optimización económica de un esquema para la recuperación IBE usando un sistema de destilación azeotrópica-extractiva con biodiesel como extractante(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2023-08-25) Dauquí Gutiérrez, Maryory; Grisales Díaz, Víctor Hugo; Caicedo Cano, CarolinaBiobutanol is an alternative to fossil-based fuels, it has environmental benefits and it has better properties than ethanol. Biobutanol is produced by ABE (acetone-butanol-ethanol) or IBE (isopropanol-butanol-ethanol) fermentation. Acetone has caused corrosion on engine parts. Therefore, IBE fermentation is preferable for use as fuel. However, purifying IBE implies high energy consumption. This study includes biodiesel as an additional separating agent in azeotropic-extractive distillation to purify IBE. This scheme does not need extractant regeneration by producing biodiesel-IBE blends directly. Eight biodiesel types are evaluated, including vegetable oils, used cooking oil, and microalgae. The effect of biodiesel type and proportion on process costs and energy requirements are investigated using Aspen Plus and MATLAB®. Machine learning methods are applied to develop optimization surrogate models and identify the most significant operating variables. The optimization minimizes total recovery cost, energy intensity and water loss intensity. The results show that the energy requirements with this scheme are reduced up to 1.3 MJ/kg with energy integration.Item Obtención de ferritas deficientes en cobre mediante combustión asistida con glicerina y su aplicación como material de electrodo(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2023-11-01) Alfonso González, José Guillermo; Morales Morales, Jimmy Alexander; Dector Espinoza, AndrésCopper-deficient cobalt ferrite nanoparticles were synthesized using a simple combustion method. Various polyalcohol trials were conducted, demonstrating the effectiveness of glycerol as a cosolvent in facilitating the preparation of electrode-modifying nanomaterials. An eight-hour resting period before calcination resulted in a reduction in the secondary phase of hematite. This synthesized material was employed as an electrode material for acetaminophen detection under acidic conditions (pH 2.5). The findings revealed a limit of detection (LOD) of 99.4 nM, a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 331 nM, and a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 3.31%. The superior electrocatalytic activity of the electrode modified with copper-deficient cobalt ferrite (Co0.87Cu0.13Fe2O4/GCE) was strongly correlated with its charge transfer resistance (Rct), as determined using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), which defined its electron transfer capability. Importantly, the LOD obtained for Co0.87Cu0.13Fe2O4/GCE in this study (99.4 nM) is lower than that of other electrodes examined. These results indicate the potential for acetaminophen determination in human urine samples using this modified electrodeItem Simulación de un reactor UASB en una planta de aguas residuales de una empresa embotelladora de bebidas no alcohólicas(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024-05-06) Salcedo García, Dayana Del Carmen; Tusso Pinzón, Ricardo ; Castro Narvaéz, Sandra PatriciaIn this study, an Anaerobic Upflow and Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor was simulated in Aspen Plus® software under real operating conditions to assess the contaminant load reduction of industrial effluent from a non-alcoholic beverage manufacturing facility. The influent stream entering the reactor was characterized. The results obtained in the initial phase demonstrate compliance with the maximum permissible limits established in the colombian Resolution No. 0631 of March 17, 2015, when compared to the aforementioned standard, with the exception of BOD5 and COD parameters, which exhibited concentrations exceeding 200 mg/L and 400 mg O2/L, respectively. Based on these findings, the reactor was simulated in Aspen Plus® software, achieving a reduction of approximately 79.8% in BOD5 and COD concentrations. Finally, the proposed model was validated against the physicochemical results of the effluent at the reactor outlet, yielding a percentage difference compared to the experimental results of 4.78% for BOD5 and 4.97% for COD. The results of the validation allow the reactor conditions to be reoriented in the non-alcoholic beverage company, positively impacting its processes. Likewise, it will contribute subsequently to the reduction of the organic load on the environment.Item Evaluación de la acción de residuos agrícolas de papa como materiales carbonosos modificados para la eliminación de contaminantes orgánicos persistentes aguas del río Pasto(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024-10-11) Rodríguez Pantoja, Vanessa Estefanía; Ávila Torres, Yenny Patricia; Edwin, Flores LópezWith population growth, the consumption of drinking water and the generation of domestic wastewater (DWW) increase. In cities like San Juan de Pasto - Nariño, the lack of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) has led to direct discharges into water bodies, affecting the health and quality of water sources. These waters contain high levels of organic matter, which promotes the spread of various diseases and negative impacts on public health. For this reason, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have emerged as promising technologies for treating organic pollutants in water, based on the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The use of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) enables the generation of the sulfate radical anion SO4●- and the hydroxyl radical ●OH through the cleavage of the peroxo bond. This oxidizing agent offers advantages such as high oxidative potential and low cost. It has been shown to be effective in treating organic pollutants over a wide pH range and has low toxicity. Carbonaceous matrices derived from agricultural residues can be used to activate it. The biochar produced presents functional groups available on the surface, which promote the formation of oxidizing species or enhance adsorption processes. These materials, seen as carbocatalysts in the presence of PMS, are relatively inexpensive, abundant, and can be easily reused. During the development of this research, carbonaceous materials from potato peels (a Nariño biomass) were synthesized, characterized, and functionalized for application in an adsorption and organic matter removal process in a wastewater sample as an alternative to improving its quality. Potato peel carbonization and activation with MnCO3 were carried out to enhance the adsorption and carbocatalysis process. Good results were obtained with concentrations of 0.1 g/L of activated carbon at an initial pH of 5.8. It was determined that the degradation pathway of acetaminophen occurs mainly through singlet oxygen andsuperoxide anion radical, as well as electron transfer on the surface of the manganese-impregnated carbonaceous material, with 100% degradation of the target molecule.