Browsing by Author "Pérez Vidal, Andrea (Directora)"
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Item Comparación de dos instrumentos de medición de presión de biogás con aplicación en ensayos de potencial bioquímico de metano (PBM) en digestión anaerobia de residuos de alimentos(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2024) Popayan Copete, Paul Alejandro; Sanchez Bustos, Mayra Alejandra; Pérez Vidal, Andrea (Directora); Bermeo Varón, Leonardo Antonio (Director)Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a biological process in which bacteria decompose organic matter without oxygen, generating biogas, a renewable and versatile source of energy. Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) assays measure the amount of methane (CH4) produced per gram of volatile solids (VS) in a substrate under controlled conditions, assessing the feasibility of obtaining energy from the anaerobic degradation of various wastes. In this work, the feasibility of obtaining energy was evaluated by BMP assays in AD with food residues, using a substrate/inoculum (S/I) ratio of 0,25 g VS substrate/g VS inoculum. Two types of anaerobic digestion (wet and dry), three headspace percentages (20%, 50%, 75%) and two biogas measuring instruments (pressure gauge and pressure sensor) were investigated. The results showed significant changes in biogas production according to the type of digestion, achieving a higher volume of CH4 with dry digestion due to the organic load in the reactors. It was observed that the treatment with the lowest headspace (20%) obtained a lower BMP value and with 50% the most favorable results were achieved in the BMP such as avoiding biogas dissolution. In relation to biogas measuring instruments, it was found that with the use of a pressure gauge, biogas losses are generated with each punch to the reactor, underestimating the BMP calculation between 16%-35% in DD and 12%-46% in WD. On the contrary, with the pressure sensor, it was easier to obtain data without interventions in the reactor, obtaining higher values in the production of biogas. The most beneficial treatment was measured through the pressure sensor with a 50% headspace and dry digestion, generating a BMP value of 187.21 (ml/grSV).Item Diseño del sistema de gestión ambiental en AvalQuímico SAS(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Obando Larrahondo, Karen Lizeth; Hurtado Suaza, Valentina; Pérez Vidal, Andrea (Directora)Environmental management systems are becoming increasingly important in companies as a strategy to reduce environmental pollution and increase the competitiveness of the company. This research was based on the design of an environmental management system (SGA) based on the NTC-ISO 14001: 2015 standard for the Avalquímico SAS company focused on the provision of laboratory analytical and physicochemical analysis services. To achieve the design of the EMS, an initial diagnosis was made of the practices used by the company for environmental protection through interviews with the company's employees, the identification of the elements of the affected environment, the analysis of the applicable legal requirements and the Sanitary inspections Subsequently, the EMS was planned taking into account the requirements of ISO 14001: 2015, collecting information and analyzing it and identifying improvement actions and internal control means for the system. After having made the initial diagnosis, 33 actions were listed to elaborate the design of the EMS, where the environmental policy and objectives were defined, the scope of the system was determined, procedures and formats were created and / or updated and finally designed Internal control means for the environmental management system. Once the system was designed, a final diagnostic matrix was made that showed a 68% improvement over the current compliance with the requirements of the standard in the company. With the results of this research project, the Avalquímico company benefited from obtaining a GHS design, which will allow it to advance in the implementation and certification.Item Evaluación de la potencialidad de reuso del agua de rechazo del sistema de ósmosis inversa (RO) de un centro de diálisis en la ciudad de Cali(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2021) Rossi Solis, Luis Antonio; Pérez Vidal, Andrea (Directora)Hemodialysis (HD) is a treatment performed in patients with chronic renal insufficiency (CRI), among the many elements of HD, the quality of the water used for the production of dialysis fluid is paramount, for this reason it is necessary to have a complementary system of drinking water treatment, which achieves to purify the water to achieve the quality standards required in HD. This is how the reverse osmosis (RO) system turns out to be an effective technology for this condition. In this research, we evaluated the potential re-use of rejected water (RW) generated by a system used in a dialysis center in the city of Santiago de Cali. A bibliographical review was carried out to establish the physicochemical and microbiological priority variables to be measured. The physicochemical and microbiological characterization of the water entering the RO system and the rejected water (RW) was carried out by 2 composite samplings. Finally, a proposal was made for the different uses of rejected water in various activities of the hemodialysis center based on the estimation of flow rates and water consumption on these activities. The results showed that the characteristics of the water entering the RO system, although it complies with the parameters established for drinking water, is not suitable for use in HD treatment, and the use of the RO system is essential to achieve permeate water of excellent quality. The microbiological characteristics of the RW showed the absence of heterotrophic bacteria, total coliforms, Escherichia coli, thermotolerant coliforms and Salmonella sp, high concentrations were evidenced in parameters such as potassium, chlorides, chromium, total alkalinity, iron, fluorides, manganese, nitrates, sulfates, dissolved solids and conductivity, however, it is suitable for re-use in industrial activities such as sanitary flushing, heat exchange in cooling towers and boilers, mechanical cleaning of roads and in fire-fighting irrigation systems. The use of RW; in irrigation of green areas and gardens may be limited, due to the concentration of fluorides that does not comply with the maximum permissible limit value of resolution 1207/2014. It was observed that the free residual chlorine of the RW does not comply with the minimum value established in resolution 2115 2007, for which it is considered unsuitable for consumption. The local activities in which the RW can be re-used were identified, such as washing mops, washing waste rooms, washing the facade of the dialysis center and flushing toilets, determining their daily consumption; additionally, a scheme of the points of usage in the dialysis center was proposed in Santiago de Cali.Item Evaluación del desempeño del filtro de olla cerámica EKOFIL® bajo dos concentraciones de plata coloidal(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2020) Cuastumal Recald, Jorge Alexander; Méndez Posso, José Leonardo; Pérez Vidal, Andrea (Directora)The ceramic pot filter technology impregnated with colloidal silver is a viable alternative for the treatment of water for human consumption, characterized by its low cost, ease of handling and efficiency. In this research project, the performance of a Colombian-made filter model, impregnated with two concentrations of colloidal silver (500 ppm and 1000 ppm) was evaluated. PH, conductivity (µS/cm) and turbidity (UNT) were defined as follow-up variables and as a response variable total silver (mg/L). Synthetic water was used adjusting turbidity with kaolin (5.07 ± 0.51 UNT) and conductivity with NaCl (0.37 ± 0.5 µS/cm). The filters were evaluated under two operational conditions based on the pH of the synthetic water or tributary; in the first condition the pH was of the order of 8.60 ± 0.83 units and in the second of 5.36 ± 0.25 units. Additionally, in the first condition, synthetic water was inoculated with an average E.coli concentration of 2.1 x 103 CFU / 100 mL in order to evaluate the influence of the colloidal silver concentration on the microbiological removal efficiency. The results of the study showed that there is no significant statistical difference between 500 ppm and 1000 ppm filters in terms of the removal of E.coli in the effluent (gl=18, F=18.8.49, p=0.41) reaching average efficiencies 98%, in addition to evidencing that there is no health risk since the maximum concentration measured was 0.03 mg Ag/L in the 1000 ppm filter. The average turbidity of the effluent was 0.47 ± 0.22 UNT for the 500 ppm filter and 0.59 ± 0.25 UNT for the 1000 ppm filter, showing that there are no significant statistical differences in terms of turbidity (gl=43, F=47.49, p=0.29 ). It is concluded that increasing the concentration of silver in the filters does not influence the efficiency of microbiological removal and, on the contrary, it could unnecessarily increase the cost of the filtration system, being advisable to impregnate the ceramic pot with a concentration of 500 ppm.Item Evaluación del efecto de la plata coloidal, en la remoción de Escherichia coli y la obtención de un agua salubre a partir de filtros caseros(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019) Carabalí Ramos, Juan José; Pérez Vidal, Andrea (Directora); Rivera Sánchez, Sandra Patricia (Directora)Water is a natural and indispensable resource for life, for this reason it is very important to supply it, in a drinkable, affordable and good quality way to be supplied to the community in general, fulfilling the physicochemical characteristics, Microbiological and sanitary concept, established in the standard, Resolution 2115 of 2007. However, despite drinking water being a right, many communities, especially rural ones, still do not have access to quality water; presenting Diarrheal Watered Diseases (EDA) and Foodborne Diseases (ETA) which are induced by the intake of unhealthy water, among other factors that help to spread the disease. For this reason, alternative techniques and / or processes for water treatment have been sought, among which techniques such as home filtration systems for obtaining drinking water have been highlighted. These filters are composed of various materials, such as colloidal silver, activated carbon, which possess antimicrobial potential and / or retention capacity of substances and microorganisms. In order to mitigate the EDA and ETA, the REPLACOL microenterprise developed and provided the EKOFIL filtration systems impregnated with colloidal silver.Item Medición de presión continua basada en tecnología IoT con aplicación en ensayos de potencial Bioquímico del Metano(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2022) Lemos Valencia, Yordy Mario; Pérez Vidal, Andrea (Directora); Bermeo Varón, Leonardo Antonio (Director)PBM methane biochemical potential assays are an evaluation tool in anaerobic digestion that allows estimating the amount of methane that can be generated for each gram of volatile solids digested used, mainly in studies of degradation of organic solid waste. Within the PBM test, there are different methods to obtain the process information which will arise from the system configuration, the type of access to the process and the way to measure it. One of these methods is manometric, which uses pressure variations to quantify methane generation during anaerobic digestion. However, this method has the characteristic of being linked to recursion and uncertainty due to human error due to the need for an operator. With this research project, the development of a continuous pressure measurement device supported by IoT technology was proposed to be used in biochemical potential tests of Methane, improving the reliability and precision of the measured data and reducing the error inherent in the manometric method. associated with the loss of biogas during each measurement. The development includes the use of Arduino microcontrollers and IoT platforms such as Esp8266 and Blynk for the creation of the device. For the design, specifications were taken into account for the selection of the pressure sensor such as: size, type of supply, measurement range and linearity of the output with respect to the input. The MPX2050 was selected as sensor and the electronic design was carried out with the Proteus tool. The implementation of this design was evaluated through a simultaneous triplicate PBM test and compared with the manual manometric method (MM) using biogas pressure (mbar) as the response variable. For the test, an inoculum concentration of 1.5 mg/L (anaerobic sludge from septic tank) and synthetic substrate (glucose + nutrients) in a COD concentration of 710.5 mg/L were used. Glass containers with a capacity of 250 mL were used, leaving a free space (headspace) of 20%; a digital manometer was used for the MM method. The results indicate that the continuous pressure measurement provided by the device was reliable, improving the uncertainty associated with the manual process with the MM method and achieving a more accurate record of biogas production. It is ruled out that the MM method underestimates biogas production due to its average loss of 50.7 ± 12.9 mbar during each measurement.Item Plan de mejoramiento ambiental como estrategia de fortalecimiento de la gestión ambiental en la institución sin ánimo de lucro Laura Vergara de Ágreda – Casa de la viuda(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2021) Soto Sáenz, Miguel Ángel; Mina Velásquez, Leopoldo Fernando; Pérez Vidal, Andrea (Directora)Environmental management is a process that guides the proper management of productive activities, through the implementation of practices that promote environmental improvement of the organization. This research proposed an environmental improvement plan to strengthen environmental management in the nonprofit institution Laura Vergara de Ágreda - House of the widow, located in the Municipality of Palmira. The methodology was structured in three stages: i) diagnosis, ii) identification and evaluation of environmental impacts, iii) action plan and follow-up. The general results demonstrated opportunities for improvement aspects, such as the storage of drinking water, management of ordinary and recyclable solid waste, management of chemical products, pest control and efficient use of energy resources; the previous aspects must be intervened, in order to achieve sustainability, well-being and efficiency. The action plan proposed five strategies in order to mitigate the effects generated by internal activities, prioritizing the identification of environmental impacts in the aspects previously described. In the follow-up, the indicators and frequency of the actions to be developed in order to achieve the proposed environmental goals were raised, allowing adjustments to be made, considering the new activities that can be performed in the institution. The future implementation of the action and monitoring plans will allow the institution to increase its environmental performance, permanently with social duty and integral actions.