Browsing by Author "Lombo Pastrana, Lina Isabel"
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Item Efectos toxicológicos de los opioides en contexto de abuso: Revisión sistemática(Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2025) Lombo Pastrana, Lina Isabel; Ocampo Chaguendo, Dennis Mauricio (Director)Non-medical opioid use is a global public health problem associated with high morbidity and mortality, particularly from overdose and systemic complications. In recent decades, the abuse of these substances has shown a sustained increase, driven by their availability, recreational use, and, in some cases, inappropriate prescription. The present study aimed to identify and analyze the toxicological effects of opioids in contexts of abuse, based on recent scientific evidence. A systematic review was conducted following the guidelines of the PRISMA 2020 statement, with search criteria in databases such as Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, and SciELO, selecting articles published between 2020 and 2024, in English and Spanish, that addressed clinical cases, observational studies, and cohort analyses related to intoxication, overdose, or complications resulting from opioid use. Twenty studies were included that provided evidence on co-ingestion of substances, illicit market variability, estimation of naloxone requirements, clinical management with buprenorphine, harm reduction strategies, and therapeutic vaccine development. The findings show that acute opioid toxicity can range from mild symptoms to severe conditions requiring immediate intervention, including central nervous system depression, respiratory complications, and opioid- induced leukoencephalopathy (Shastry et al., 2024; Bansari, 2024; Ramawad et al., 2024). Combined use with other CNS depressants, such as benzodiazepines, gabapentinoids, or methamphetamine, increases the risk of severe adverse events and mortality (Bhara et al., 2024; Duhart et al., 2022; Larnder et al., 2022; Smith et al., 2023). Early interventions, supervised consumption settings, access to naloxone, and buprenorphine management strategies have been shown to be effective in reducing complications and the risk of abuse (Chong et al., 2020; Chhabra et al., 2020; Irvine et al., 2022). In conclusion, the review highlights the need to strengthen strategies for prevention, early diagnosis, and timely management of opioid poisoning, as well as the regulation and monitoring of substances with abuse potential. Furthermore, it shows that a combination of clinical, social, and public policy interventions constitutes a comprehensive approach to mitigating the adverse effects of opioid use and reducing associated mortality.