Browsing by Author "Escobar Rivera, Juan Carlos"
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Item Análisis de peligros y puntos críticos de control en plantas convencionales de tratamiento de agua(Interciencia Association, 2018-01-16) Pérez Vidal, Andrea; Delgado Cabrera, Luis German; Escobar Rivera, Juan Carlos; Cruz Vélez, Camilo Hernán; Torres Lozada, PatriciaEl sistema de análisis de peligros y puntos críticos de control (APPCC) es una herramienta de amplio uso en la industria de alimentos y recomendada en el enfoque de los planes de seguridad del agua (PSA). En este estudio se adaptó una propuesta metodológica aplicable a los procesos de tratamiento de agua que integró los principios del sistema APPCC y los PSA. El estudio se realizó en una planta convencional de potabilización (PTA) en la ciudad de Cali, Colombia, y comprendió dos etapas: 1) identificación de peligros y eventos peligrosos, y 2) determinación de puntos críticos de control (PCC) y puntos de atención (POA). En la primera etapa se caracterizó el agua cruda, clarificada, filtrada y tratada mediante diez jornadas de muestreo y caracterización, en un periodo de 18 meses. En la segunda etapa se adaptó un árbol de decisión que fue aplicado en los eventos peligrosos categorizados en nivel de riesgo medio o superior. Se identificaron un total de 40 eventos peligrosos, 26 PCC y 10 POA, encontrándose como principales PCC las fases de coagulación, floculación/clarificación, filtración y desinfección. La determinación de los PCC contribuyó a la priorización de las fases del tratamiento que requieren de la ejecución de planes de mejoramiento o soporte definidos en los PSA, resultando prioritarios la captación, canales y tuberías de conducción.Item Development and implementation of a water-safety plan for drinking-water supply system of Cali, Colombia(Elsevier GmbH, 2019-11-25) Pérez Vidal, Andrea; Escobar Rivera, Juan Carlos; Torres Lozada, PatriciaThe water-safety plan (WSP) approach integrates risk assessment and management practices into a drinking-water supply system (DWSS), ensuring water quality from the catchment to the consumer. This research was oriented toward the development and implementation of a WSP in the DWSS for the city of Santiago de Cali, Colombia. We adapted the methodological stages of the WSP established by the World Health Organization: (i.) assemble a WSP team, (ii.) describe the existing DWSS, (iii.) identify hazards and hazardous events, (iv.) evaluate risks, and (v.) plan risk management. In this methodological structure, we propose the use of different risk assessment tools at each step of DWSS, which can be implemented in water systems of different sizes. The results of our study allowed the identification of hazardous events that may compromise the effectiveness of the WSP: Of the 103 events found, 16 were related to the catchment, 40 to treatment processes, 27 to the distribution system, and 9 to consumers, while the remaining 11 were associated with organizational, planning, contingency, and emergency factors. We found that the most critical components of the DWSS are the distribution system and the consumers, with 29.6% and 33.3% of the hazardous events classified as at a very high risk level, respectively. Clearly, improvement and support programs for the WSP were needed to optimize existing control measures and corrective actions and to evaluate new ones to reduce risk levels. The treatment processes and distribution system steps were shown as the main barriers of the DWSS mainly they are under governance of water company, unlike the catchment and consumers which presented higher levels of risk because in these steps the water company has less control and influence. Our research confirms that the WSP is an important tool for decision-making by water-service companies—improving their administrative, financial, organizational, and operational management. It also shows that it is essential that their senior management and other stakeholders be part of the WSP team at each stage of implementation of the DWSS.